Table 1.
Characteristics by ethnicity of adult INSPIRE participants stratified by SARS-CoV-2 infection status (N = 3,155).
| SARS-CoV-2-positivea | SARS-CoV-2-negativea | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hispanic (N = 330) |
Non-Hispanic (N = 2,024) |
Total (N = 2,354) |
Hispanic (N = 132) |
Non-Hispanic (N = 669) |
Total (N = 801) |
|
| N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | |
| Age | ||||||
| 18–34 years | 179 (54.2) | 810 (40.0) | 989 (42.0) | 62 (47.0) | 304 (45.4) | 366 (45.7) |
| 35–49 years | 107 (32.4) | 638 (31.5) | 745 (31.6) | 48 (36.4) | 176 (26.3) | 224 (28.0) |
| 50–64 years | 36 (10.9) | 405 (20.0) | 441 (18.7) | 20 (15.2) | 128 (19.1) | 148 (18.5) |
| 65+ years | 8 (2.4) | 171 (8.4) | 179 (7.6) | 2 (1.5) | 61 (9.1) | 63 (7.9) |
| Gender | ||||||
| Female | 214 (66.0) | 1,322 (66.6) | 1,536 (66.6) | 97 (75.8) | 476 (72.7) | 573 (73.2) |
| Male | 104 (32.1) | 641 (32.3) | 745 (32.3) | 30 (23.4) | 160 (24.4) | 190 (24.3) |
| Transgender/Non-binary | 6 (1.9) | 21 (1.1) | 27 (1.2) | 1 (0.8) | 19 (2.9) | 20 (2.6) |
| Education | ||||||
| Less than high school | 10 (3.2) | 14 (0.7) | 24 (1.0) | 3 (2.5) | 6 (0.9) | 9 (1.2) |
| High school graduate | 33 (10.7) | 120 (6.0) | 153 (6.7) | 17 (13.9) | 62 (9.5) | 79 (10.2) |
| Some college | 65 (21.1) | 282 (14.2) | 347 (15.1) | 29 (23.8) | 120 (18.4) | 149 (19.2) |
| 2-year degree | 35 (11.4) | 137 (6.9) | 172 (7.5) | 13 (10.7) | 52 (8.0) | 65 (8.4) |
| 4-year degree | 90 (29.2) | 718 (36.1) | 808 (35.1) | 31 (25.4) | 157 (24.0) | 188 (24.3) |
| More than 4 years | 75 (24.4) | 720 (36.2) | 795 (34.6) | 29 (23.8) | 256 (39.2) | 285 (36.8) |
| Marital status | ||||||
| Married/partner | 186 (57.1) | 1,176 (58.7) | 1,362 (58.4) | 58 (45.0) | 310 (47.0) | 368 (46.6) |
| Divorced/Widowed/Separated | 20 (6.1) | 200 (10.0) | 220 (9.4) | 12 (9.3) | 86 (13.0) | 98 (12.4) |
| Never married | 120 (36.8) | 629 (31.4) | 749 (32.1) | 59 (45.7) | 264 (40.0) | 323 (40.9) |
| Annual family income | ||||||
| <10,000 | 23 (7.0) | 105 (5.2) | 128 (5.4) | 14 (10.6) | 58 (8.7) | 72 (9.0) |
| 10,000-34,999 | 62 (18.8) | 197 (9.7) | 259 (11.0) | 22 (16.7) | 76 (11.4) | 98 (12.2) |
| 35,000-49,999 | 53 (16.1) | 166 (8.2) | 219 (9.3) | 26 (19.7) | 83 (12.4) | 109 (13.6) |
| 50,000-74,999 | 52 (15.8) | 269 (13.3) | 321 (13.6) | 14 (10.6) | 91 (13.6) | 105 (13.1) |
| 75,000+ | 115 (34.8) | 1,153 (57.0) | 1,268 (53.9) | 43 (32.6) | 288 (43.0) | 331 (41.3) |
| Prefer not to answer | 25 (7.6) | 134 (6.6) | 159 (6.8) | 13 (9.8) | 73 (10.9) | 86 (10.7) |
| Health insurance | ||||||
| Private only | 224 (67.9) | 1,507 (74.5) | 1,731 (73.5) | 90 (68.2) | 453 (67.7) | 543 (67.8) |
| Public only | 70 (21.2) | 367 (18.1) | 437 (18.6) | 31 (23.5) | 170 (25.4) | 201 (25.1) |
| Private and public | 8 (2.4) | 80 (4.0) | 88 (3.7) | 0 (0.0) | 27 (4.0) | 27 (3.4) |
| None | 28 (8.5) | 70 (3.5) | 98 (4.2) | 11 (8.3) | 19 (2.8) | 30 (3.7) |
| Housing insecurity | ||||||
| I have a steady place to live | 301 (92.3) | 1,922 (95.9) | 2,223 (95.4) | 112 (86.8) | 609 (92.1) | 721 (91.3) |
| I have a place to live today, but I am worried about losing it in the future | 21 (6.4) | 63 (3.1) | 84 (3.6) | 14 (10.9) | 43 (6.5) | 57 (7.2) |
| I do not have a steady place to live | 4 (1.2) | 20 (1.0) | 24 (1.0) | 3 (2.3) | 9 (1.4) | 12 (1.5) |
| Food insecurity | ||||||
| Often true | 30 (9.2) | 78 (3.9) | 108 (4.6) | 14 (10.9) | 43 (6.5) | 57 (7.2) |
| Sometimes true | 69 (21.2) | 209 (10.4) | 278 (11.9) | 34 (26.4) | 101 (15.3) | 135 (17.1) |
| Never true | 227 (69.6) | 1,718 (85.7) | 1,945 (83.4) | 81 (62.8) | 516 (78.2) | 597 (75.7) |
| Utility insecurity | ||||||
| Never shut off services | 296 (90.5) | 1,924 (96.0) | 2,220 (95.2) | 112 (86.8) | 618 (93.5) | 730 (92.4) |
| Threatened to shut off services | 29 (8.9) | 76 (3.8) | 105 (4.5) | 16 (12.4) | 37 (5.6) | 53 (6.7) |
| Already shut off services | 2 (0.6) | 4 (0.2) | 6 (0.3) | 1 (0.8) | 6 (0.9) | 7 (0.9) |
| Transportation access | ||||||
| It has kept me from medical appointments or getting medications | 13 (3.9) | 47 (2.3) | 60 (2.5) | 13 (9.8) | 39 (5.8) | 52 (6.5) |
| It has kept me from non-medical meetings, non-medical appointments, work, or getting things that I need | 21 (6.4) | 55 (2.7) | 76 (3.2) | 4 (3.0) | 32 (4.8) | 36 (4.5) |
| It has not kept me from getting things I need | 296 (89.7) | 1,922 (95.0) | 2,218 (94.2) | 115 (87.1) | 598 (89.4) | 713 (89.0) |
| Employment | ||||||
| Employed, essential | 149 (45.7) | 832 (41.5) | 981 (42.1) | 52 (40.3) | 265 (40.2) | 317 (40.2) |
| Employed, non-essential | 121 (37.1) | 828 (41.3) | 949 (40.7) | 48 (37.2) | 234 (35.5) | 282 (35.7) |
| Not employed | 56 (17.2) | 345 (17.2) | 401 (17.2) | 29 (22.5) | 161 (24.4) | 190 (24.1) |
| Were you employed before the coronavirus outbreak? | ||||||
| No | 56 (17.2) | 345 (17.2) | 401 (17.2) | 29 (22.5) | 161 (24.4) | 190 (24.1) |
| Yes | 270 (82.8) | 1,661 (82.8) | 1,931 (82.8) | 100 (77.5) | 500 (75.6) | 600 (75.9) |
| Do you work in a healthcare setting such as a hospital, clinic, or nursing/rehabilitation care facility? | ||||||
| No | 208 (77.0) | 1,240 (74.7) | 1,448 (75.0) | 73 (73.0) | 351 (70.3) | 424 (70.8) |
| Yes | 262 (3.0) | 421 (25.3) | 483 (25.0) | 27 (27.0) | 148 (29.7) | 175 (29.2) |
| Are you a non-health essential worker that was asked to work outside the home throughout the pandemic? | ||||||
| No | 178 (65.7) | 1,216 (73.4) | 1,394 (72.3) | 68 (68.0) | 365 (73.3) | 433 (72.4) |
| Yes | 93 (34.3) | 441 (26.6) | 534 (27.7) | 32 (32.0) | 133 (26.7) | 165 (27.6) |
| Tobacco use | ||||||
| Daily or near daily | 12 (3.7) | 122 (6.1) | 134 (5.7) | 12 (9.3) | 45 (6.8) | 57 (7.2) |
| Weekly | 5 (1.5) | 42 (2.1) | 47 (2.0) | 2 (1.6) | 13 (2.0) | 15 (1.9) |
| Monthly | 4 (1.2) | 32 (1.6) | 36 (1.5) | 1 (0.8) | 8 (1.2) | 9 (1.1) |
| Less than monthly | 18 (5.5) | 95 (4.7) | 113 (4.8) | 10 (7.8) | 24 (3.6) | 34 (4.3) |
| Not at all | 287 (88.0) | 1,715 (85.5) | 2,002 (85.8) | 104 (80.6) | 569 (86.3) | 673 (85.4) |
| Excessive alcohol usage | ||||||
| Daily or near daily | 2 (0.6) | 36 (1.8) | 38 (1.6) | 2 (1.6) | 9 (1.4) | 11 (1.4) |
| Weekly | 32 (9.8) | 214 (10.7) | 246 (10.5) | 6 (4.7) | 47 (7.1) | 53 (6.7) |
| Monthly | 44 (13.5) | 265 (13.2) | 309 (13.3) | 22 (17.1) | 66 (10.0) | 88 (11.2) |
| Less than monthly | 82 (25.1) | 443 (22.1) | 525 (22.5) | 33 (25.6) | 144 (21.9) | 177 (22.5) |
| Not at all | 167 (51.1) | 1,047 (52.2) | 1,214 (52.1) | 66 (51.2) | 393 (59.6) | 459 (58.2) |
| Prescription abuse | ||||||
| Daily or near daily | 9 (2.8) | 21 (1.0) | 30 (1.3) | 4 (3.1) | 13 (2.0) | 17 (2.2) |
| Weekly | 1 (0.3) | 11 (0.5) | 12 (0.5) | 3 (2.3) | 8 (1.2) | 11 (1.4) |
| Monthly | 7 (2.1) | 13 (0.6) | 20 (0.9) | 1 (0.8) | 10 (1.5) | 11 (1.4) |
| Less than monthly | 17 (5.2) | 50 (2.5) | 67 (2.9) | 10 (7.8) | 21 (3.2) | 31 (3.9) |
| Not at all | 293 (89.6) | 1,910 (95.3) | 2,203 (94.5) | 111 (86.0) | 607 (92.1) | 718 (91.1) |
| Marijuana use | ||||||
| Daily or near daily | 24 (7.4) | 94 (4.7) | 118 (5.1) | 6 (4.7) | 38 (5.8) | 44 (5.6) |
| Weekly | 18 (5.5) | 108 (5.4) | 126 (5.4) | 5 (3.9) | 25 (3.8) | 30 (3.8) |
| Monthly | 13 (4.0) | 91 (4.5) | 104 (4.5) | 6 (4.7) | 30 (4.6) | 36 (4.6) |
| Less than monthly | 33 (10.2) | 236 (11.8) | 269 (11.5) | 12 (9.3) | 68 (10.3) | 80 (10.2) |
| Not at all | 237 (72.9) | 1,476 (73.6) | 1,713 (73.5) | 100 (77.5) | 497 (75.5) | 597 (75.9) |
| Drug use | ||||||
| Daily or near daily | 0 (0.0) | 8 (0.4) | 8 (0.3) | 2 (1.6) | 4 (0.6) | 6 (0.8) |
| Weekly | 1 (0.3) | 5 (0.2) | 6 (0.3) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.2) | 1 (0.1) |
| Monthly | 0 (0.0) | 11 (0.5) | 11 (0.5) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (0.5) | 3 (0.4) |
| Less than monthly | 19 (5.8) | 106 (5.3) | 125 (5.4) | 3 (2.3) | 23 (3.5) | 26 (3.3) |
| Not at all | 306 (93.9) | 1,875 (93.5) | 2,181 (93.6) | 124 (96.1) | 628 (95.3) | 752 (95.4) |
| Pre-existing health conditions b | ||||||
| Asthma | 36 (11.4) | 246 (12.6) | 282 (12.4) | 21 (16.2) | 108 (16.5) | 129 (16.4) |
| Hypertension | 34 (10.7) | 279 (14.2) | 313 (13.7) | 15 (11.5) | 111 (16.9) | 126 (16.1) |
| Diabetes | 18 (5.7) | 98 (5.0) | 116 (5.1) | 7 (5.4) | 52 (7.9) | 59 (7.5) |
| Obesity | 104 (32.8) | 514 (26.2) | 618 (27.1) | 48 (36.9) | 191 (29.2) | 239 (30.4) |
| Emphysema/COPD | 1 (0.3) | 16 (0.8) | 17 (0.7) | 3 (2.3) | 12 (1.8) | 15 (1.9) |
| Heart conditions | 5 (1.6) | 50 (2.6) | 55 (2.4) | 5 (3.8) | 27 (4.1) | 32 (4.1) |
| Smoking/tobacco Consumption | 7 (2.2) | 94 (4.8) | 101 (4.4) | 11 (8.5) | 36 (5.5) | 47 (6.0) |
| Kidney disease | 3 (0.9) | 27 (1.4) | 30 (1.3) | 1 (0.8) | 14 (2.1) | 15 (1.9) |
| Liver disease | 1 (0.3) | 15 (0.8) | 16 (0.7) | 3 (2.3) | 9 (1.4) | 12 (1.5) |
| None | 37 (11.7) | 383 (19.5) | 420 (18.4) | 17 (13.1) | 101 (15.4) | 118 (15.0) |
| I do not know | 79 (24.9) | 427 (21.8) | 506 (22.2) | 28 (21.5) | 107 (16.3) | 135 (17.2) |
| Prefer not to answer | 25 (7.9) | 95 (4.8) | 120 (5.3) | 9 (6.9) | 42 (6.4) | 51 (6.5) |
| COVID-19 vaccination c | ||||||
| Yes | 175 (65.1) | 1,164 (68.4) | 1,339 (67.9) | 73 (68.2) | 438 (78.4) | 511 (76.7) |
| Testing location | ||||||
| At home testing kit | 22 (6.7) | 164 (8.1) | 186 (7.9) | 9 (6.8) | 63 (9.4) | 72 (9.0) |
| Clinic including urgent care | 48 (14.6) | 300 (14.9) | 348 (14.8) | 25 (18.9) | 124 (18.5) | 149 (18.6) |
| Emergency department | 7 (2.1) | 86 (4.3) | 93 (4.0) | 9 (6.8) | 50 (7.5) | 59 (7.4) |
| Hospital | 33 (10.0) | 176 (8.7) | 209 (8.9) | 14 (10.6) | 68 (10.2) | 82 (10.2) |
| Other | 36 (10.9) | 130 (6.4) | 166 (7.1) | 21 (15.9) | 89 (13.3) | 110 (13.7) |
| Tent/drive-up testing site | 183 (55.6) | 1,160 (57.5) | 1,343 (57.3) | 54 (40.9) | 275 (41.1) | 329 (41.1) |
aTable excludes participants with missing ethnicity data for COVID-19-positive (n = 48) or COVID-19-negative (n = 20). bPre-existing conditions question only asked on 3-month survey beginning 4-14-2021 and has missing data for COVID-19-positive (n = 77) and COVID-19-negative (n = 16). cCOVID-19 vaccination indicates participants with at least one dose before the index SARS-CoV-2 test; Vaccination initiation information was obtained from linked electronic health record data for 922 (29%) participants, using survey data for 1718 (54%) participants, and was missing for 521 (16%) participants.