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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Feb 13.
Published in final edited form as: Child Dev. 2021 Nov 16;93(2):e188–e206. doi: 10.1111/cdev.13706

Figure 1. Latent and observed variables used in the structural equation models.

Figure 1.

Note: Latent variables are displayed in bold and observed variables are displayed in regular text. AP1, adoptive parent 1; AP2, adoptive parent 2; BF, birth father; BM, birth mother; DIBELS, Dynamic Indicators of Basic Early Literacy Skills; LDS, Language Development Scale; TOPEL, Tests of Preschool Early Literacy; WAIS, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-III; WJ, Woodcock–Johnson Tests of Achievement III; WPPSI, Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence III