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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Feb 13.
Published in final edited form as: Child Dev. 2021 Nov 16;93(2):e188–e206. doi: 10.1111/cdev.13706

Figure 2. Longitudinal structural equation model testing the main effects of birth mother intellectual performance on child EF and academic test performance.

Figure 2.

Note: Model fit: χ2(170) = 347.59, p < .001, comparative fit index = .90, root mean square error of approximation = .05, standardized root mean square residual = .06. Standardized estimates reported. Dashed lines represent parameters that are fixed to 1. Adoption openness, child sex, and obstetric risk were included as covariates in the model. BM, birth mother; DT, dinky toys; EF, executive function; FG, forbidden gift; GD, gift delay; GG, guessing game; G NG, Go NoGo; LW, letter-word association; MF, math fluency; RF, reading fluency; WA, word-attack; WAIS Info, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-III Information Subscale; WJ, Woodcock–Johnson III. nsp ≥ .1; *p < .05; **p < .01; ***p < .001