Table 1.
Means, Standard Deviations, Sample Size, and Bivariate Correlations Between Study Variables
| Variable | M | SD | n | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. 27 mo. Gift Delay | 1.96 | 0.76 | 467 | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2. 27 mo. Stroop | 2.01 | 0.57 | 506 | .15 | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3. 27 mo. LDS AP1 | 57.61 | 21.83 | 490 | .13 | .29 | — | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 4. 27 mo. LDS AP2 | 52.69 | 22.79 | 464 | .12 | .23 | .74 | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 5. 4.5 yr. Stroop | 9.64 | 5.90 | 317 | .08 | .14 | .07 | .14 | — | p < .001 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 6. 4.5 yr. Forbidden Gift | 2.29 | 0.78 | 282 | .11 | .04 | −.06 | −.04 | .17 | — | p < .01 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 7. 4.5 yr. Guessing Game | 4.25 | 1.16 | 282 | .21 | .07 | .17 | .14 | .17 | .14 | — | p < .05 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 8. 4.5 yr. Dinky Toys | 2.03 | 0.69 | 285 | .06 | .07 | .04 | .08 | .09 | .05 | .22 | — | p < .1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 9. 4.5 yr. TOPEL PK | 106.76 | 13.39 | 291 | .15 | .20 | .27 | .23 | .17 | .19 | .26 | .15 | — | p > .1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| 10. 4.5 yr. TOPEL DV | 104.29 | 9.94 | 288 | .19 | .25 | .30 | .29 | .15 | .21 | .27 | .24 | .43 | — | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| 11. 4.5 yr. TOPEL PA | 97.76 | 15.66 | 137 | .21 | .18 | .23 | .24 | .01 | .10 | .20 | .20 | .38 | .30 | — | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 12. 6 yr. Stroop | 14.20 | 3.46 | 424 | .13 | .07 | .06 | .02 | .07 | −.07 | .14 | .06 | .06 | .10 | .20 | — | ||||||||||||||||||||
| 13. 6 yr. Dinky Toys | 2.13 | 0.65 | 291 | .13 | .15 | .08 | .09 | .10 | .01 | .12 | .29 | .12 | .17 | .06 | .08 | — | |||||||||||||||||||
| 14. 6 yr. Go NoGo | 73.94 | 12.53 | 432 | .09 | .12 | .13 | .16 | .20 | −.02 | .18 | .14 | .09 | .20 | .24 | .27 | .21 | — | ||||||||||||||||||
| 15. 6 yr. WPPSI | 10.31 | 2.28 | 288 | .10 | .27 | .29 | .20 | .07 | −.02 | .21 | .18 | .34 | .46 | .31 | .08 | .08 | .13 | — | |||||||||||||||||
| 16. 6 yr. DIBELS ISF | 58.48 | 30.22 | 141 | .08 | .12 | .18 | .13 | .16 | .04 | .16 | .28 | .37 | .35 | .14 | .02 | .24 | .22 | .24 | — | ||||||||||||||||
| 17. 6 yr. DIBELS LNF | 52.18 | 31.68 | 288 | .14 | .09 | .12 | .11 | .14 | .08 | .17 | .16 | .37 | .26 | .14 | .15 | .10 | .09 | .29 | .62 | — | |||||||||||||||
| 18. 6 yr. DIBELS PSF | 33.84 | 27.87 | 293 | .04 | .14 | .24 | .19 | .23 | .11 | .16 | .18 | .31 | .30 | .23 | .17 | .08 | .18 | .29 | .26 | .44 | — | ||||||||||||||
| 19. 6 yr. DIBELS NWF | 46.19 | 32.58 | 293 | .03 | .16 | .27 | .23 | .14 | .04 | .15 | .21 | .47 | .29 | .35 | .18 | .13 | .08 | .36 | .39 | .56 | .52 | — | |||||||||||||
| 20. 7 yr. W-J Letter Word | 56.29 | 9.23 | 336 | .09 | .20 | .23 | .19 | .14 | .09 | .19 | .14 | .49 | .32 | .34 | .13 | .08 | .11 | .34 | .29 | .38 | .36 | .62 | — | ||||||||||||
| 21. 7 yr. W-J Reading | 53.91 | 10.80 | 334 | .08 | .21 | .19 | .13 | .10 | .15 | .21 | .15 | .51 | .35 | .34 | .12 | .11 | .11 | .36 | .30 | .37 | .34 | .59 | .83 | — | |||||||||||
| 22. 7 yr. W-J Word Attack | 55.22 | 7.51 | 334 | .09 | .18 | .22 | .18 | .10 | .05 | .16 | .15 | .36 | .29 | .43 | .13 | .09 | .07 | .36 | .24 | .32 | .37 | .54 | .82 | .66 | — | ||||||||||
| 23. 7 yr. W-J Math | 49.66 | 10.15 | 334 | .07 | .12 | .14 | .11 | .07 | .11 | .13 | .06 | .28 | .19 | .22 | .16 | −.03 | .07 | .29 | −.03 | .21 | .24 | .38 | .56 | .58 | .47 | — | |||||||||
| 24. BM WAIS Information | 9.56 | 2.59 | 323 | .10 | .25 | .11 | .07 | .01 | .10 | .07 | .03 | .23 | .18 | .03 | −.04 | .07 | −.11 | .16 | .22 | .12 | .12 | .12 | .23 | .18 | .23 | .15 | — | ||||||||
| 25. BM W-J Letter Word | 47.89 | 5.85 | 325 | .07 | .14 | .09 | .08 | .03 | .06 | −.02 | .09 | .22 | .09 | .10 | .02 | .13 | .03 | .12 | .22 | .09 | .10 | .15 | .25 | .22 | .20 | .08 | .57 | — | |||||||
| 26. BM W-J Reading | 49.80 | 7.53 | 325 | .10 | .10 | .10 | .08 | .04 | .03 | .10 | .02 | .25 | .17 | .11 | .04 | .11 | .01 | .12 | .15 | .18 | .17 | .23 | .21 | .18 | .17 | .08 | .49 | .59 | — | ||||||
| 27. BM W-J Word Attack | 46.87 | 6.73 | 325 | −.03 | .17 | .07 | .09 | .02 | .02 | .01 | .10 | .13 | .08 | .10 | .16 | .14 | .03 | .07 | .26 | .08 | .05 | .12 | .22 | .19 | .20 | .08 | .37 | .70 | .49 | — | |||||
| 28. BM W-J Math | 44.04 | 8.86 | 325 | .02 | .06 | .01 | .00 | .01 | .07 | .06 | −.06 | .23 | .04 | .02 | .06 | .02 | −.01 | .12 | .18 | .18 | .12 | .18 | .13 | .12 | .10 | .14 | .35 | .46 | .62 | .44 | — | ||||
| 29. BF WAIS Information | 10.65 | 2.88 | 102 | −.08 | .12 | .01 | .09 | −.03 | −.11 | .05 | .16 | .06 | .04 | −.01 | −.10 | .10 | −.10 | .22 | −.01 | −.10 | .01 | −.05 | −.10 | −.17 | −.09 | .05 | .42 | .37 | .26 | .17 | .24 | — | |||
| 30. BF W-J Letter Word | 47.29 | 7.67 | 109 | .08 | .01 | .12 | .08 | −.02 | .22 | .15 | .24 | .18 | .05 | .42 | .08 | .14 | .08 | .22 | .25 | .25 | .18 | .28 | .27 | .30 | .24 | .43 | .45 | .33 | .34 | .25 | .22 | .57 | — | ||
| 31. BF W-J Reading | 46.60 | 7.80 | 109 | −.02 | −.08 | .07 | .11 | .06 | .11 | .23 | .20 | .11 | .06 | .15 | .15 | .06 | .14 | .22 | .22 | .20 | .17 | .15 | .06 | .03 | .23 | .14 | .30 | .22 | .20 | .14 | .18 | .54 | .61 | — | |
| 32. BF W-J Word Attack | 46.94 | 8.40 | 109 | −.01 | .01 | .10 | .11 | .03 | .14 | .02 | .13 | .17 | .01 | .25 | .16 | .01 | .07 | .13 | .16 | .21 | .24 | .28 | .27 | .25 | .21 | .37 | .40 | .35 | .29 | .17 | .26 | .46 | .76 | .66 | — |
| 33. BF W-J Math | 41.95 | 10.01 | 109 | .09 | .10 | .03 | .04 | −.01 | .05 | .17 | .22 | .01 | .03 | .20 | .00 | .04 | .08 | .19 | .27 | .17 | .09 | .01 | .05 | .03 | .19 | .21 | .33 | .26 | .24 | .22 | .28 | .32 | .51 | .63 | .55 |
Note. LDS = Language Development Scale, AP1 = adoptive parent 1 report; AP2 = adoptive parent 2 report; TOPEL = Test of Preschool Early Literacy PK = Print Knowledge; DV = Definitional Vocabulary; PA = Phonological Awareness; WPPSI = Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence III; DIBELS = Dynamic Indicators of Basic Early Literacy Skills; ISF = Initial Sound Fluency; LNF = Letter Naming Fluency; PSF = Phoneme Segmentation Fluency; NWF = Nonsense Word Fluency; W-J = Woodcock-Johnson Test of Achievement III; BM = birth mother; BF = birth father; WAIS = Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-II