Table 3.
Evidence from the association between child height and the practice of untouchability, IHDS
| (i) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PSU untouch. | −0.296*** (0.089) | −0.118 (0.086) | −0.169+ (0.091) | −0.068 (0.090) | −0.083 (0.092) | −0.048 (0.092) |
| PSU OD | −0.545*** (0.047) | −0.498*** (0.052) | −0.286*** (0.056) | |||
| Urban | 0.348*** (0.053) | 0.131* (0.059) | 0.169** (0.058) | 0.091 (0.061) | ||
| PSU conflict | 0.086 (0.058) | 0.088 (0.059) | 0.038 (0.056) | 0.047 (0.056) | ||
| PSU band together | 0.106 (0.094) | 0.073 (0.092) | 0.065 (0.092) | 0.045 (0.092) | ||
| In (cons.) per capita | 0.155*** (0.045) | 0.109* (0.045) | ||||
| HH farm land | 0.021 (0.047) | 0.027 (0.047) | ||||
| Maternal | ||||||
| Education | ||||||
| Men eat first | ||||||
| Resp. has say | ||||||
| Number of children | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
| 7 social groups | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
| Age, sex, position | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| N | 11,094 | 11,094 | 11,094 | 11,094 | 10,226 | 10,226 |
Child-level sample from the India Human Development Survey 2012; children under 5 years old with height-for-age between −6 and 6. The dependent variable is height-for-age z-score. PSU open defecation is the fraction of interviewed households in the child’s survey PSU that report defecating in the open, while “PSU untouch.” is the fraction of households that report practicing untouchability. See the Data and Methods section for further details
***, **, *, and + denote statistical significance at the 0.001, 0.01, 0.05, and 0.1 levels. Standard errors are in parentheses