Table 2.

Overview of the included non-invasive biomarkers of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis-related disease activity and/or organ damage

Blood-based biomarkers of disease activity	Urinary biomarkers of disease activity
ANCAs MPO-ANCA Circulating immune cells CD5+ B cells CD14++ CD16+ intermediate monocytes Complement factors CFH sC5B-9 C5a C3a Bb Gene expression profiles Granulocyte multigene composite score and neutrophil module Others MMP-3 CXCL13 TIMP-1 Interleukin-6 Interleukin-8 Interleukin-15 IL-18BP Chitinase-3-like 1 protein Soluble programmed cell death protein 1 Sphingosine-1-phosphate Tissue factor sCD25	Complement factors sC5B-9 C5a C3a Bb C1q MBL Others sCD163 sCD25 Epidermal growth factor CD3+ and regulatory T cell counts
Blood-based biomarkers of organ damage	Urinary biomarkers of organ damage
Endotrophin CCL2	Endotrophin Mitochondrial DNA

ANCA, anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody .Bb, factor B (Bb); CFH, complement factor H; IL, interleukin; MPO, myeloperoxidase.sC5b-9, soluble (s)C5b-9.