Table 3.
Publications presenting quantitative data (included in the data compilations presented in Tables 1–2 and Supplementary Tables 1–49) for records of crawling or biting tick specimens collected from humans for tick species with established populations in the United States (US).
| Reference | Geographical areaa | Time period | Tick species recorded to infest humans (synonym for species used in the publication)b |
|---|---|---|---|
| Fitch (1872) | NY | 1857–1868 | Ixodes cookei (=Ixodes cruciarius) |
| Simpson and Wheeler (1901) | AZ | 1900 | Otobius megnini (=Argas megnini) |
| Hunter and Hooker (1907) | TX | Up to 1907 | Otobius megnini (=Ornithodoros megnini), Rhipicephalus annulatus (=Margaropus annulatus) |
| Stiles (1910) | MT, WY | 1902–1904 | Dermacentor andersoni |
| Hunter and Bishopp (1911a) | US | Up to 1911 | Dermacentor andersoni (=Dermacentor venustus) |
| Hooker et al. (1912) | US | Up to 1912 | Amblyomma americanum, Amblyomma maculatum, Dermacentor occidentalis, Dermacentor variabilis, Otobius megnini (=Ornithodoros megnini) |
| Herms (1917) | CA | 1915 | Otobius megnini (=Ornithodoros megnini) |
| Bassoe (1924) | CO | 1923 | Dermacentor andersoni (=Dermacentor venustus) |
| Hamilton (1934) | NY | 1931 | Ixodes cookei (=Ixodes hexagenia var. cookei) |
| Kohls (1937) | CA | 1936 | Dermacentor occidentalis |
| Barnett (1937) | ID | 1936 | Dermacentor andersoni |
| Bradley and Connell (1938) | NJ | Not stated | Amblyomma americanum |
| Cooley and Kohls (1938) | NY | Not stated | Ixodes cookei |
| Philip and Davis (1940) | ID | 1937 | Ornithodoros hermsi |
| Katz (1941) | OH | 1937 | Dermacentor variabilis |
| Augustson (1942) | CA | 1940 | Dermacentor andersoni |
| Parker et al. (1943) | TX | 1942 | Amblyomma americanum |
| Cooley and Kohls (1944a) | CA, NV, OR | 1935–1939 | Ornithodoros parkeri, Ornithodoros stageri, Otobius megnini |
| Cooley and Kohls (1944b) | AR, MO, MS, OK, TX | 1937–1942 | Amblyomma americanum, Amblyomma maculatum |
| Riley (1944) | MN, OH | 1939–1942 | Amblyomma americanum |
| Bequaert (1945) | US | Up to 1945 | Amblyomma americanum, Dermacentor variabilis, Ixodes cookei, Ixodes scapularis |
| Cooley and Kohls (1945) | CA, MO, MT, OR, VT, WA | 1935–1944 | Ixodes angustus, Ixodes cookei, Ixodes pacificus, Ixodes scapularis, Ixodes spinipalpis |
| Bishopp and Trembley (1945) | US | 1910–1945 | Amblyomma americanum, Amblyomma cajennense sensu lato (s.l.)e, Amblyomma maculatum, Argas miniatus, Dermacentor albipictus, Dermacentor andersoni, Dermacentor occidentalis, Dermacentor variabilis, Haemaphysalis chordeilis, Ixodes angustus, Ixodes cookei, Ixodes muris, Ixodes pacificus (=Ixodes ricinus californicus), Ixodes scapularis (=Ixodes ricinus scapularis), Ixodes sculptus, Otobius megnini, Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato (s.l.) |
| MacCreary (1945) | DE | 1939–1944 | Amblyomma americanum |
| Carpenter et al. (1946) | AL, FL, GA, MS, NC, SC | 1943–1945 | Amblyomma americanum, Amblyomma maculatum, Dermacentor variabilis, Haemaphysalis leporispalustris, Ixodes scapularis (=Ixodes ricinus scapularis), Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. |
| Cooley (1946b) | OR, WA | 1931–1945 | Ixodes angustus |
| Anastos (1947) | NY | 1946 | Ixodes muris, Ixodes scapularis |
| Knipping et al. (1950) | WI | 1925–1949 | Dermacentor variabilis |
| Holdenried et al. (1951) | CA | 1940–1945 | Ixodes pacificas |
| Edmunds (1951) | UT | 1938–1945 | Ixodes pacificus |
| Helms (1952) | NE | 1951 | Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. |
| Philip (1952) | AZ, IA | 1942–1950 | Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. |
| Rehn (1953) | NY | 1952 | Amblyomma americanum |
| Beck (1955a) | UT | 1953 | Ixodes pacificus |
| Ryckman et al. (1955) | CA | 1952 | Ornithodoros coriaceus (same record also presented by Waldron, 1962) |
| Sollers (1955) | DC | 1954 | Ixodes dentatus |
| Eads et al. (1956) | TX | 1937–1955 | Amblyomma maculatum, Dermacentor variabilis, Ixodes cookei, Ixodes scapularis, Otobius megnini, Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. |
| Roscoe (1956) | UT | 1955 | Dermacentor parumapertus |
| Allred et al (1960) | UT | 1955 | Ixodes pacificus |
| Waldron (1962) | CA | 1952–1958 | Ornithodoros coriaceus |
| Brinton and Kohls (1963) | MT, UT | 1952–1955 | Dermacentor hunteri |
| Sonenshine et al. (1965) | VA | 1912–1963 | Amblyomma americanum, Dermacentor albipictus, Dermacentor variabilis |
| Johnson (1966) | UT | 1951–1966 | Dermacentor albipictus, Dermacentor parumapertus, Ixodes pacificus |
| Arthur and Snow (1968) | CA, OR, UT, WA | Not stated | Ixodes pacificus |
| Snetsinger (1968) | PA | Up to 1968 | Amblyomma maculatum, Dermacentor albipictus |
| Nelson (1969) | US | 1942–1968 | Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. |
| Cooney and Hays (1972) | AL | 1963–1966 | Amblyomma americanum, Amblyomma maculatum, Dermacentor variabilis, Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. |
| Good (1973) | NY | 1971 | Amblyomma americanum, Ixodes muris |
| Burgdorfer et al. (1975) | SC | 1973–1974 | Amblyomma americanum, Dermacentor variabilis, Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. |
| Benach et al. (1977) | NY | 1975–1976 | Dermacentor variabilis |
| Loving et al. (1978) | SC | 1974–1976 | Amblyomma americanum, Amblyomma maculatum, Dermacentor variabilis, Ixodes scapularis, Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. |
| Steere et al. (1978) | CT | 1977 | Ixodes scapularis |
| Wallis et al. (1978) | CT | 1977 | Dermacentor variabilis, Ixodes scapularis |
| Magnarelli et al. (1979) | CT | 1976–1977 | Dermacentor variabilis |
| Spielman et al. (1979) | MA | 1930–1971 | Ixodes scapularis (=Ixodes dammini) |
| Steere and Malawista (1979) | Eastern US | 1975–1979 | Ixodes scapularis (=Ixodes dammini) |
| Terry and Williams (1980) | IN | 1977 | Dermacentor variabilis |
| Jones (1981) | NC | 1980 | Amblyomma americanum |
| Jensen et al. (1982) | UT | 1981 | Otobius megnini |
| Lane et al. (1982) | CA | 1979 | Ixodes pacificus |
| McKeon et al. (1982) | NY | 1954–1981 | Amblyomma americanum |
| Easton (1983) | SD | 1937–1967 | Dermacentor andersoni, Dermacentor variabilis, Ornithodoros concanensis |
| Eads and Campos (1984) | NM | Not stated | Otobius megnini |
| Furman and Loomis (1984) | CA | 1915–1982 | Argas sanchezi, Dermacentor andersoni, Dermacentor hunteri, Dermacentor occidentalis, Dermacentor parumapertus, Dermacentor variabilis, Haemaphysalis leporispalustris, Ixodes pacificus, Ixodes rugosus, Ixodes sculptus, Ornithodoros coriaceus, Ornithodoros parkeri, Otobius megnini, Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. |
| Schwan and Winkler (1984) | CA | 1981–1982 | Argas monolakensis (=Argas cooleyi), Ornithodoros hermsi |
| Keirans (1985) | MT | 1903 | Dermacentor andersoni |
| Demaree (1986) | IN | 1980–1984 | Amblyomma americanum, Dermacentor variabilis, Ixodes cookei, Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. |
| Bode et al. (1987) | TX | Not stated | Amblyomma americanum |
| Falco and Fish (1988) | NY | 1985 | Amblyomma americanum, Dermacentor variabilis, Ixodes scapularis (=Ixodes dammini) |
| Costello et al. (1989) | CT | 1986 | Ixodes scapularis (=Ixodes dammini) |
| Damrow et al. (1989) | WA | 1987 | Ixodes angustus |
| Goddard (1989) | OK, TX | 1986–1988 | Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. |
| Magnarelli and Anderson (1989) | CT | 1983–1988 | Dermacentor variabilis, Ixodes cookei, Ixodes scapularis (=Ixodes dammini) |
| Robbins (1989) | AK, OR, WA, WY | 1932–1977 | Ixodes angustus, Ixodes woodi |
| Carpenter et al. (1990) | FL, OK, TX | 1980–1989 | Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. |
| Hall et al. (1991) | VW | 1987–1990 | Ixodes cookei, Ixodes dentatus, Ixodes texanus |
| Monsen et al. (1992) | CA | 1989–1990 | Ixodes pacificus |
| Shapiro et al. (1992) | CT | 1989–1991 | Ixodes scapularis (=Ixodes dammini) |
| Smith et al. (1992) | ME | 1989–1990 | Dermacentor albipictus, Dermacentor variabilis, Ixodes cookei, Ixodes marxi, Ixodes muris, Ixodes scapularis (=Ixodes dammini) |
| Walker et al. (1992) | MI | 1992 | Ixodes dentatus |
| Schwartz et al. (1993) | NY | 1988–1990 | Dermacentor variabilis, Ixodes scapularis (=Ixodes dammini) |
| Slaff and Newton (1993) | NC | 1989–1991 | Amblyomma americanum, Dermacentor variabilis, Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. |
| Campbell and Bowles (1994) | US | 1989–1992 | Amblyomma americanum, Dermacentor andersoni, Dermacentor variabilis, Ixodes cookei, Ixodes pacificus, Ixodes scapularis, Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. |
| Clover and Lane (1995) | CA | 1989–1991 | Ixodes pacificus |
| Yeh et al. (1995) | PA, RI | Not stated | Ixodes scapularis |
| Anderson et al. (1996) | CT, NJ, NY | 1990–1992 | Ixodes dentatus, Ixodes scapularis |
| Falco et al. (1996) | NY | 1985–1989 | Ixodes scapularis |
| Felz et al. (1996) | GA, SC | 1990–1995 | Amblyomma americanum, Amblyomma maculatum, Dermacentor variabilis, Ixodes scapularis, Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. |
| Harrison et al. (1997) | NC | 1973–1995 | Amblyomma maculatum, Haemaphysalis leporispalustris, Ixodes cookei, Ixodes dentatus, Otobius megnini, Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. |
| Sood et al. (1997) | NY | 1992–1993 | Amblyomma americanum, Dermacentor variabilis, Ixodes cookei, Ixodes dentatus, Ixodes scapularis, Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. |
| Keirans and Lacombe (1998) | ME | 1990–1995 | Amblyomma americanum, Ixodes dentatus, Ixodes uriae |
| Walker et al. (1998) | MI | 1985–1996 | Amblyomma americanum, Dermacentor albipictus, Dermacentor andersoni, Dermacentor variabilis, Haemaphysalis leporispalustris, Ixodes angustus, Ixodes baergi, Ixodes banksi, Ixodes cookei, Ixodes dentatus, Ixodes marxi, Ixodes muris, Ixodes pacificas, Ixodes scapularis, Ixodes sculptus, Ornithodoros kelleyi, Otobius megnini, Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. |
| Dworkin et al. (1999) | WA | 1947–1996 | Dermacentor andersoni |
| Felz and Durden (1999) | GA, SC | 1995–1998 | Amblyomma americanum, Amblyomma maculatum, Dermacentor variabilis, Ixodes scapularis |
| Lacombe et al. (1999) | ME | 1989–1999 | Ixodes muris |
| Lang (1999) | CA | 1992–1993 | Amblyomma americanum, Dermacentor hunteri, Dermacentor occidentalis, Dermacentor variabilis, Ixodes pacificus |
| Felz et al. (2000) | GA | Not stated | Dermacentor variabilis |
| Merten and Durden (2000) | US (including data broken down for 49 states) | Up to 2000 | Amblyomma americanum, Amblyomma cajennense s.l.e, Amblyomma inornatum, Amblyomma maculatum, Amblyomma tenellum (=Amblyomma imitator), Amblyomma tuberculatum, Argas miniatus, Argas sanchezi, Dermacentor albipictus, Dermacentor andersoni, Dermacentor hunteri, Dermacentor occidentalis, Dermacentor parumapertus, Dermacentor variabilis, Ixodes angustus, Ixodes banksi, Ixodes brunneus, Ixodes cookei, Ixodes dentatus, Ixodes kingi, Ixodes marxi, Ixodes muris, Ixodes pacificus, Ixodes scapularis, Ixodes sculptus, Ixodes spinipalpis, Ixodes texanus, Ixodes uriae, Ixodes woodi, Ornithodoros capensis, Ornithodoros concanensis, Ornithodoros coriaceus, Ornithodoros hermsi, Ornithodoros kelleyi, Ornithodoros parkeri, Ornithodoros stageri, Ornithodoros turicata, Otobius lagophilus, Otobius megnini, Rhipicephalus annulatus (=Boophilus annulatus), Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. |
| Armstrong et al. (2001) | MD | 1994–1996 | Amblyomma americanum, Dermacentor variabilis, Ixodes dentatus, Ixodes scapularis (=Ixodes dammini) |
| James et al. (2001) | Not clear | 1999 | Amblyomma americanum |
| Love et al. (2001) | US | 2000 | Amblyomma americanum |
| Nadelman et al. (2001) | NY | 1987–1996 | Ixodes cookei, Ixodes scapularis |
| Stromdahl et al. (2001) | Eastern US | 1997 | Amblyomma americanum, Dermacentor variabilis, Ixodes scapularis |
| Goddard (2002) | MS | 1990–1999 | Amblyomma americanum, Amblyomma maculatum, Amblyomma tuberculatum, Dermacentor albipictus, Dermacentor variabilis, Ixodes scapularis, Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. |
| Stromdahl et al. (2003) | VA | 2000–2002 | Amblyomma americanum |
| Gill et al. (2004) | IA | Not stated | Ornithodoros kelleyi (=Carios kelleyi) |
| Wormser et al. (2005) | MO | 2001–2003 | Amblyomma americanum |
| James et al. (2006) | US | 1903–2001 | Dermacentor andersoni |
| Schulze et al. (2006) | NJ | 2001–2005 | Amblyomma americanum, Dermacentor variabilis, Ixodes scapularis, Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. |
| Smith et al. (2006) | ME | 1996–2005 | Ixodes uriae |
| Billeter et al. (2007) | NC | 2006 | Amblyomma americanum |
| Rand et al. (2007) | ME | 1989–2006 | Amblyomma americanum, Amblyomma maculatum, Dermacentor albipictus, Dermacentor variabilis, Haemaphysalis leporispalustris, Ixodes cookei, Ixodes dentatus, Ixodes marxi, Ixodes muris, Ixodes scapularis, Ixodes uriae, Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. |
| Reeves et al. (2007) | NC, TN | 2001 | Dermacentor variabilis |
| Loftis et al. (2008) | Eastern US | 1998–2006 | Amblyomma americanum |
| Reeves et al. (2008) | GA | 2005 | Amblyomma americanum |
| Cohen et al. (2009) | GA | 2005–2006 | Amblyomma americanum, Amblyomma maculatum |
| Murphree et al. (2009) | KY | 2005–2007 | Amblyomma americanum, Dermacentor variabilis |
| Jiang et al. (2010) | Eastern US | 2005 | Amblyomma americanum |
| Mertins et al. (2010) | AZ | 1942–1992 | Amblyomma triste |
| Williamson et al. (2010) | TX | 2004–2008 | Amblyomma americanum, Amblyomma cajennense s.l.e, Amblyomma maculatum, Dermacentor albipictus, Dermacentor andersoni, Dermacentor variabilis, Ixodes scapularis, Otobius megnini, Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. |
| Feder et al. (2011) | CT | 2009 | Amblyomma americanum |
| Stromdahl et al.(2011) c | US | 1994–2009 | Dermacentor variabilis, Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. |
| Willen et al. (2011) | AL | Not stated | Amblyomma americanum |
| Jiang et al. (2012) | AL, FL, GA, KS, KY, LA, MD, MS, NC, OK, VA | 2000–2009 | Amblyomma maculatum |
| Cortinas and Spomer (2014) | NE | 1911–2011 | Amblyomma americanum, Amblyomma maculatum, Dermacentor andersoni, Dermacentor variabilis, Ixodes kingi, Otobius megnini, Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. |
| Lee et al. (2014) | NC | 2011–2012 | Amblyomma americanum, Amblyomma maculatum, Dermacentor variabilis, Ixodes scapularis |
| Russart et al. (2014) | ND | 2010 | Amblyomma americanum |
| Stromdahl et al. (2014) c | Eastern US | 1997–2012 | Ixodes scapularis |
| Richards et al. (2015) | KY, NC, OH, TN, VA | 2013 | Amblyomma americanum, Dermacentor variabilis, Ixodes scapularis, Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. |
| Stromdahl et al. (2015) d | US | 1997–2010 | Amblyomma americanum, Ixodes pacificus |
| Stromdahl et al. (2015) | AL, AR, DE, FL, GA, KS, KY, MD, MO, NC, NJ, PA, RI, SC, TN, VA | 2013 | Amblyomma americanum |
| Carter et al. (2016) | US | Not stated | Dermacentor variabilis |
| Durden et al. (2016) | AK | 2011–2016 | Amblyomma americanum, Dermacentor andersoni, Dermacentor variabilis, Haemaphysalis leporispalustris, Ixodes angustus, Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. |
| Gleim et al. (2016) | GA | 2005–2006 | Amblyomma americanum, Amblyomma maculatum, Dermacentor variabilis, Ixodes scapularis |
| Herrick et al. (2016) | AZ | 2015 | Amblyomma triste |
| McAllister et al. (2016) | AR | 1910–1993 | Amblyomma americanum, Amblyomma maculatum, Dermacentor variabilis, Ixodes scapularis |
| Mitchell et al. (2016) | TX | 2008–2014 | Amblyomma americanum, Amblyomma cajennense s.l.e, Amblyomma inornatum, Amblyomma maculatum, Amblyomma tenellum (=Amblyomma imitator), Dermacentor albipictus (including Dermacentor nigrolineatus), Dermacentor andersoni, Dermacentor variabilis, Ixodes scapularis, Ixodes woodi, Otobius megnini, Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. |
| Padgett et al. (2016) | CA | 1971–2011 | Dermacentor occidentalis |
| Xu et al. (2016) | MA | 2006–2012 | Ixodes scapularis |
| Cavanaugh et al. (2017) | US | Not stated | Ixodes scapularis |
| Goddard (2017) | MS | 2016 | Amblyomma americanum |
| Herman-Giddens and Herman-Giddens (2017) | NC | 2001–2014 | Amblyomma americanum, Dermacentor variabilis, Ixodes scapularis |
| Karki et al. (2017) | US | Not stated | Dermacentor variabilis |
| Soghigian et al. (2017) | CT | 2015 | Ixodes scapularis |
| Beard et al. (2018) | Eastern US | 2017–2018 | Haemaphysalis longicornis |
| Jordan and Egizi (2019) | NJ | 2006–2016 | Amblyomma americanum, Dermacentor variabilis, Ixodes cookei, Ixodes dentatus, Ixodes scapularis, Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. |
| Oliver et al. (2017) | IA | 1990–2013 | Ixodes scapularis |
| Little et al. (2019) | CT | 1996–2017 | Ixodes scapularis |
| Little and Molaei (2020) | CT | 2018 | Ixodes scapularis |
| Pak et al. (2019) | PA | 1900–2017 | Amblyomma americanum, Amblyomma maculatum, Dermacentor albipictus, Dermacentor variabilis, Ixodes angustus, Ixodes cookei, Ixodes dentatus, Ixodes marxi, Ixodes muris, Ixodes scapularis, Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. |
| Porter et al. (2019) | CT, MA, ME, NH, NJ, NY, RI, PA, VT | 2016–2017 | Amblyomma americanum, Dermacentor variabilis, Ixodes scapularis |
| Salkeld et al. (2019) | CA | 2016–2017 | Amblyomma americanum, Dermacentor occidentalis, Dermacentor variabilis, Ixodes pacificus, Ixodes spinipalpis, Otobius megnini, Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. |
| Smith et al. (2019) | ME | 2009–2013 | Ixodes cookei, Ixodes scapularis |
| Xu et al. (2019) | CA, OR, WA | 2006–2017 | Ixodes angustus, Ixodes cookei, Ixodes pacificus, Ixodes scapularis, Ixodes spinipalpis |
| Bickerton and Toledo (2020) | NJ | 2019 | Haemaphysalis longicornis |
| Hahn et al. (2020) | AK | 1909–2019 | Amblyomma americanum, Dermacentor andersoni, Dermacentor variabilis, Haemaphysalis leporispalustris, Ixodes angustus, Ixodes scapularis, Ixodes uriae, Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. |
| Wormser et al. (2020) | NY | 2018 | Haemaphysalis longicornis |
| Feder et al. (2021) | CT | 2019 | Ixodes scapularis (=Ixodes dammini) |
| Hook et al. (2021) | CT, MD | 2011–2012 | Amblyomma americanum, Dermacentor variabilis, Ixodes scapularis |
| Molaei et al. (2021) | CT | 2018–2020 | Haemaphysalis longicornis |
| Xu et al. (2021) | US | 2013–2019 | Amblyomma americanum, Amblyomma cajennense s.l.e, Amblyomma maculatum, Dermacentor andersoni, Dermacentor occidentalis, Dermacentor variabilis, Haemaphysalis leporispalustris, Haemaphysalis longicornis, Ixodes affinis, Ixodes angustus, Ixodes cookei, Ixodes dentatus, Ixodes marxi, Ixodes muris, Ixodes pacificus, Ixodes scapularis, Ixodes spinipalpis, Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. |
| Kerr et al. (2022) | AL | 2018–2021 | Amblyomma americanum, Amblyomma maculatum, Dermacentor variabilis, Ixodes scapularis |
| Hart et al. (2022) | NY | 2020 | Amblyomma americanum, Dermacentor variabilis, Haemaphysalis chordeilis, Ixodes cookei, Ixodes marxi, Ixodes muris, Ixodes scapularis |
| Khalil et al. (2022) | CT | 2021 | Ixodes scapularis |
a
Geographical area listed by state(s), or a larger geographical area if state level data were not provided. State level records may include tick exposures resulting from travel within the US.
b
Based on taxonomic nomenclature presented by Guglielmone et al. (2010, 2014, 2020), Nava et al. (2014a, 2014b, 2015, 2017), and Guglielmone and Robbins (2018). Some other authors (see Mans et al., 2019) place four of the Ornithodoros species (Or. capensis, Or. concanensis, Or. kelleyi, and Or. stageri) included in this table in the genus Carios.
c
Including data also presented by Stromdahl et al. (2001) for Dermacentor variabilis or Ixodes scapularis collected from humans and submitted to the Department of Defense, Human Tick Testing Program for parts of the overall time period.
d
Including data also presented by Stromdahl et al. (2001, 2003) and Jiang et al. (2010) for Amblyomma americanum collected from humans and submitted to the Department of Defense, Human Tick Testing Program for parts of the overall time period.
e
As noted by Nava et al. (2014a, 2015) and Guglielmone and Robbins (2018), there are unresolved questions regarding species within the Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato and Amblyomma cajennense sensu lato complexes, including identification of Am. cajennense versus Amblyomma mixtum in the US, and data for these two closely related species are therefore presented as Am. cajennense s.l. Guglielmone et al. (2020) consider Am. mixtum to be the only member of the Am. cajennense s.l. complex established in the US.