TABLE 2.

Summary of in vivo studies on wound healing with berry extracts

Family	Berry	Model	Fraction(s)	Concentration	Overall effect1	Reference
Arecaceae	Açai berry (Euterpe oleracea)	Sprague–Dawley rats	Aqueous extracts	1 %, 3 %, and 5 %	Increased rate of wound contraction; increased re-epithelization and vascularization; decreased inflammation	[43]
Arecaceae	Açai berry (Euterpe oleracea)	Sprague–Dawley rats	Aqueous extracts	1 %, 3 %, and 5 %	Increased wound closure and collagen deposition; fewer mast cells	[55]
Arecaceae	Açai berry (Euterpe oleracea)	CD1 mice	Whole berry	500 mg/kg BW (oral administration)	Modulation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, decreased inflammation	[56]
Ericaceae	Blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum)	Sprague–Dawley Rats	Anthocyanin	2 % w/v	Increased wound contraction, collagen content, and vascularization; decreased inflammation	[57]
Ericaceae	Cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon)	Sprague–Dawley Rats	Oil extract	100 mg/kg	Increased wound contraction, granular formation, and antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities	[58]
Rosaceae	Himalayan raspberry (Rubus ellipticus)	Diabetic Wistar rats	Methanol extract	1 % and 2 % w/w	Increased antibacterial activity, epithelization, and collagen formation	[50]
Rosaceae	Raspberry (Rubus idaeus)	Mice	Crude extract	20, 40, and 80 mg/kg (oral administration)	Increased wound contraction	[37]
Rosaceae	Rubus imperialis	BALB/c mice	Methanolic extract	1 % and 2.5 % w/v	Increased wound contraction and collagen and fibroblasts on wound; reduced inflammation	[51]
Rosaceae	Rubus sanctus	Sprague–Dawley Rats and Swiss albino mice	Hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and methanol extracts	1 % w/v	Increased wound contraction, re-epithelization, and collagen deposition	[59]
Adoxaceae	Dwarf elderberry (Sambucus ebulus)	Wistar rats	Methanol extracts	2 % and 5 % w/v	Increased angiogenesis, fibroblast count, and epithelial and granular thickness	[60]
Phyllanthaceae	Star gooseberry (Sauropus androgynus)	Diabetic Sprague–Dawley Rats	Alcoholic extract in cream base	2 % w/v	Increased rate of wound closure, collagen deposition, and vascular growth factors; decreased inflammation	[61]
Cactaceae	Barbados gooseberry (Pereskia aculeata)	C57BL/6 mice	Methanol extracts and hexane fraction	5 % w/v	Increased wound contraction, collagen content, and blood flow and decreased inflammation	[62]

Abbreviation: BW, body weight.

¹Only statistically significant outcomes are reported.