Table 3.

Mixed-effects models assessing change in hemoglobin A1c and survey responses after Cooking Matters for Diabetes intervention^a

Survey	Baseline	Post intervention	P value	3 mo post intervention	P value	6 mo post intervention	P value	12 mo post intervention	P value
Hemoglobin A1c
β (95% CI)	8.85 (8.30 to 9.40)	0.00 (−0.39 to 0.39)	.992	−0.02 (−0.46 to 0.42)	.933	−0.05 (−0.56 to 0.45)	.844	0.27 (−0.22 to 0.76)	.292
n	48	43	—	28	—	21	—	22	—
SF-12,b β (95% CI)
Physical component score	31.81 (27.01 to 36.62)	−0.38 (−2.82 to 2.04)	.761	2.01 (−0.65 to 4.64)	.142	0.04 (−2.67 to 2.74)	.977	0.38 (−2.44 to 3.18)	.790
Mental component score	43.04 (38.36 to 47.73)	2.88 (−0.21 to 5.98)	.073	0.78 (−2.57 to 4.17)	.655	−2.20 (−5.63 to 1.26)	.216	1.97 (−1.59 to 5.55)	.286
SDSCA,c β (95% CI)
General diet score	2.66 (1.83 to 3.50)	1.06 (0.47 to 1.64)	.001	0.48(−0.16 to 1.13)	.152	0.30 (−0.36 to 0.96)	.381	0.19 (−0.47 to 0.88)	.576
Specific diet score	3.05 (2.41 to 3.69)	0.80 (0.31 to 1.28)	.002	0.36 (−0.17 to 0.90)	.194	0.63 (0.08 to 1.18)	.028	0.45 (−0.10 to 1.02)	.120
Exercise	1.18 (0.55 to 1.82)	0.13 (−0.42 to 0.68)	.642	0.61 (0.01 to 1.21)	.050	−0.25 (−0.86 to 0.37)	.424	−0.17 (−0.79 to 0.47)	.611
Blood glucose testing	4.92 (3.87 to 5.97)	0.58 (0.029 to 1.13)	.042	−0.13 (−0.74 to 0.48)	.676	0.09 (−0.53 to 0.72)	.768	−0.07 (−0.70 to 0.57)	.837
Foot care	4.33 (3.35 to 5.31)	0.70 (0.16 to 1.24)	.013	0.78 (0.19 to 1.38)	.012	1.13 (0.53 to 1.75)	.000	1.03 (0.41 to 1.66)	.002
DMSQ,d β (95% CI)
Glucose management	7.31 (6.28 to 8.34)	0.55 (0.11 to 0.99)	.017	0.31 (−0.17 to 0.80)	.218	0.02 (−0.48 to 0.52)	.950	0.08 (−0.43 to 0.59)	.763
Diet control	4.32 (3.37 to 5.27)	0.72 (0.17 to 1.27)	.013	0.37 (−0.24 to 0.98)	.240	0.04 (−0.58 to 0.66)	.912	−0.07 (−0.71 to 0.57)	.830
Physical activity	4.00 (2.99 to 5.00)	0.40 (−0.23 to 1.02)	.222	0.11 (−0.58 to 0.80)	.756	0.26 (−0.44 to 0.97)	.477	−0.52 (−1.23 to 0.21)	.167
Health care	8.79 (8.11 to 9.48)	−0.13 (−0.56 to 0.31)	.572	−0.20 (−0.67 to 0.28)	.413	−0.41 (−0.89 to 0.079)	.105	−0.46 (−0.96 to 0.04)	.073
Sum score	6.11 (5.41 to 6.80)	0.47 (0.17 to 0.77)	.003	0.22 (−0.11 to 0.56)	.200	−0.05 (−0.39 to 0.29)	.758	−0.15 (−0.51 to 0.21)	.405
DSES,e β (95% CI)	5.35 (4.57 to 6.13)	0.37 (−0.09 to 0.83)	.121	0.37 (−0.12 to 0.88)	.150	0.31 (−0.22 to 0.83)	.258	0.02 (−0.50 to 0.54)	.947
Food security score	2.40 (1.40 to 3.39)	−0.46 (−0.93 to 0.01)	.060	−0.63 (−1.15 to −0.11)	.020	−0.45 (−1.00 to 0.09)	.108	−0.74 (−1.28 to −0.19)	.009
n for above surveys	48	41	—	32	—	28	—	28	—
HEI-2015,f β (95% CI)
Score	62.43 (53.75 to 71.10)	1.77 (−0.95 to 4.50)	.211	0.39 (−2.35 to 3.16)	.787	−1.37 (−4.31 to 1.52)	.364	−1.92 (−5.32 to 1.49)	.277
Total vegetable component score	3.71 (2.54 to 4.88)	0.38 (−0.02 to 0.79)	.071	0.52 (0.11 to 0.94)	.016	−0.03 (−0.47 to 0.40)	.897	0.24 (−0.26 to 0.76)	.355
DHQ III g
Energy (kcal), β (95% CI)	1757 (853 to 2649)	−348 (−613 to −82)	.013	−269 (−535 to −0.27)	.055	−169 (−453 to 113)	.250	−162 (−493 to 170)	.347
Carbohydrate (g), β (95% CI)	184 (74 to 292)	−51 (−85 to −17)	.005	−35 (−69 to −0.13)	.054	−21 (−58 to 15)	.257	−10 (−52 to 33)	.660
Total sugar (g), β (95% CI)	82 (18 to 145)	−24 (−46 to −2)	.036	−22 (−43 to 0.32)	.058	−16.(−39 to 7)	.182	−10 (−37 to 17)	.463
Added sugars (g), β (95% CI)	49 (10 to 88)	−17 (−31 to −3)	.025	−15 (−30 to −0.51)	.048	−8 (−23 to 7)	.313	−9 (−27 to 9)	.319
Refined grain (oz), β (95% CI)	2.69 (0.93 to 4.44)	−0.61 (−1.18 to −0.04)	.041	−0.22 (−0.80 to 0.35)	.457	−0.02 (−0.63 to 0.59)	.958	0.21 (−0.50, 0.93)	.566
n	47	29	—	28	—	24	—	16	—

^aβs from mixed-effects models adjusted for study wave and sex. Baseline βs are intercepts. Longitudinal model nonbaseline βs are the change experienced from baseline in all participants once they entered the intervention phase. Example interpretation: post-intervention consumption of added sugars decreased by 17 g/d in the pre–post analysis (P = .025).

^bSF-12 = Medical Outcomes Study Short Form Health Survey, version 1.

^cSDSCA = Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities Measure.

^dDSMQ = Diabetes Self-Management Questionnaire.

^eDSES = Diabetes Self-Efficacy Scale.

^fHEI-2015 = Healthy Eating Index 2015.

^gDHQ III = Diet History Questionnaire III.