Table II.
Previous works on electrochemical detection of Pb in human blood matrix.
| References | Sensor | Technique * | Sample preparation | Gold standard ** | Calibration range (μg/dL) | LOD (μg/dL) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Li et al. 54 | cyclodextrin modified gold electrode (MEA-β-CD) | DPSV | heating at 100 °C with HNO3 | ICP-AES | 0.35 −19.2 | 0.14 (standard solutions 1 M HClO4) |
| (3.5x dilution) | ||||||
| addition of DI H2O | ||||||
| 10x dilution with | ||||||
| 1 M HClO4 | ||||||
| Zhao et al. 53 | mesoporous polymer of melamine-formaldehyde/SPE | SWASV | not reported | AAS (n = 6 blood samples) | 0.1 − 5 | 0.1 |
| Yantassee et al. 52 | Hg-film on glassy carbon WE | FIA / ASV | ultrafiltration | ICP-MS | 0 − 2.0 | 0.046%RSD = 2.4 (10%blood) |
| (protein removal) | ||||||
| dilution to 20%blood with 1 M HCl | ||||||
| (5x dilution) | ||||||
| 2x dilution to 10%blood | ||||||
| (0.5 M HCl) | ||||||
| Mai et al. 58 | glassy carbon WE | DPV / Cu2+ enhancement (800 ppb Cu2+) | 3x dilution HNO3 | AAS (n = 5 blood samples) | 0.2 −10.0 (standard 0.01 M HNO3) | 0.1%RSD = 4.6 (standard 0.01 M HNO3) |
| heating at 100 °C | ||||||
| additional dilution HNO3 | ||||||
| Kruusma et al. 55 | bismuth-film modified boron-doped diamond WE (Bi-BDD) | sono-electroanalytical SWASV + ultrasound-assisted deposition | pretreatment: 2/3 dilution,centrifugation | AAS | 0.62 − 8.9 | 0.87 (2%blood, 0.1 M HNO3 pH0.9) |
| 50x dilution in 0.1 M HNO3 pH0.9, (2%blood) | ||||||
| Benzhi et al. 34 | Nafion coated Bismuth-film WE | DPSV | pretreatment with HNO3 acidification | AAS (n = 2 blood samples) | 0.17 − 2.79 (standard 0.1 M AB) | 0.013%RSD = 3.1 (standard 0.1 M AB) |
| + advanced oxidation process (AOP with H2O2 and UV irradiation) | ||||||
| Bannon et al. 15 | Hg-coated graphite WE (ESA Trace Metal Analyzer) | ASV | dilution with reagent to 3.33% blood | GFAAS | 1.0 − 70.0 (3.33% blood) | 1.0%RSD = 11 (3.33% blood in reagent, pH = 1.3–1.4) |
| (30x dilution, 100 μL blood in 3000 μL solution) | ||||||
| Feeney et al. 43 | LeadCare II | ASV | dilution with proprietory treatment reagent (containing HCl) | GFAAS | 3.3 − 65 | 3.3 |
| this work | Nafion/MC/SPCE WE | SWASV | 6x dilution with 0.5 M HCl | ICP-MS | 0.3 −10 | 0.39 |