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. 2024 Feb 13;22:148. doi: 10.1186/s12967-024-04913-5

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 3 — | SAE1 expression was higher in H. pylori-infected gastric tissues than in H. pylori-uninfected human gastric tissues. H. pylori upregulates SAE1 expression in GC cells and animal models dependent on CagA. SUMO1 and SUMO2/3 protein are also upregulated by H. pylori in cell and animal models. A Representative images of IHC staining for SAE1 in 80 human gastric tissues with H. pylori-negative chronic non-atrophic gastritis (CNAG) (n = 20), H. pylori-positive CNAG (n = 20), H. pylori-negative intestinal metaplasia (IM) (n = 20), H. pylori-positive IM (n = 20). (Magnification 100 × , and 400 × ; bars = 5 μm). The statistical graphs summarized IHC scores of SAE1 expression compared between human gastric tissues with CNAG and IM and IHC scores of SAE1 expression compared between H. pylori-negative and H. pylori-positive human gastric tissues with CNAG and IM. *p < 0.05, ns: no significance. B The protein levels of SAE1, SUMO1, and SUMO2/3 were detected in GES-1 and AGS cells cocultured with wild-type H. pylori strain PMSS1 with an MOI of 200 at different time points (0 h, 3 h, 6 h, 9 h, and 12 h). The data is representative of 3 independent experiments. C The protein levels of SAE1, SUMO1, and SUMO2/3 were detected in GES-1 and AGS cells cocultured with wild-type H. pylori strain PMSS1 at different MOI (0, 50, 100, and 200) for 12 h. The data is representative of 3 independent experiments. D Representative images of IHC staining for SAE1, SUMO1, and SUMO2/3 in Balb/c mice gastric tissues with control group (n = 10) and H. pylori strain SS1 group (n = 10). (Magnification 100 × , and 400 × ; bars = 5 μm). The statistical graphs summarized IHC scores of SAE1, SUMO1, and SUMO2/3 expression in Balb/c mice gastric tissues with control group, and H. pylori strain SS1 group. *p < 0.05. E Western blot analysis of SAE1 in GES-1 and AGS cells infected with wild-type H. pylori strain PMSS1 and its CagA⁻ mutant at an MOI of 200 for 12 h. The data is representative of 3 independent experiments. F SAE1 expression levels of C57BL\6 mice gastric mucosa infected with wild-type H. pylori strain PMSS1(n = 7) and its CagA⁻ mutant (n = 8) were analyses by western blot and were summarized in the statistical graph. Control group (n = 7). * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01