Fig. 5.

| ROS mediates the upregulation of SAE1, SUMO1, and SUMO2/3 by H. pylori in GC cells and animal models. A The protein levels of SAE1, SUMO1, and SUMO2/3 were detected in GES-1 and AGS cells treated with NAC (10 mmol/L) for different periods of time (0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 h). The data is representative of 3 independent experiments. B The protein levels of SAE1, SUMO1, and SUMO2/3 were detected in GES-1 and AGS cells treated with NAC in different concentrations (0, 5, and 10 mmol/L) for 12 h. The data is representative of 3 independent experiments. C The protein levels of SAE1, SUMO1, and SUMO2/3 were detected in GES-1 and AGS cells treated with H₂O₂ in different concentrations (0, 10, 50, 100, and 200 μmol/L) for 1 h. The data is representative of 3 independent experiments. D Western blot analysis of SAE1, SUMO1, and SUMO2/3 in GES-1 and AGS cells with control group, infection of wild-type H. pylori strain PMSS1 (MOI = 200) for 12 h, and combination treatment of wild-type H. pylori strain PMSS1 (MOI = 200) and NAC (10 mmol/L) for 12 h. The data is representative of 3 independent experiments. E The level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in GES-1 and AGS cells was detected using H2DCFDA in control group, wild-type H. pylori strain PMSS1 (MOI = 200) infection for 12 h, NAC (10 mmol/L) treatment for 12 h, combination treatment of wild-type H. pylori strain PMSS1 (MOI = 200) infection and NAC (10 mmol/L) for 12 h, and H₂O₂ (200 μmol/L) for 1 h. Relative fluorescence intensity of ROS was summarized in the statistical graph. The data is representative of 3 independent experiments. *p < 0.05. F Representative images of IHC staining for SAE1, SUMO1, and SUMO2/3 in Balb/c mice gastric tissues with control group (n = 10), H. pylori strain SS1 group (n = 10), and combination of H. pylori strain SS1 and NAC group (n = 10). (Magnification 100 × , and 400 × ; bars = 5 μm). The IHC scores were summarized in the statistical graph. *p < 0.05