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. 2024 Feb 13;15:16. doi: 10.1186/s13293-024-00589-0

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© The Author(s) 2024, corrected publication 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 4 — Sex-specific alterations in hippocampal gene expression in response to CUS and the mitigating effects of DMF. A The Venn diagram depicts the number of transcripts with a log₂ fold change ≥ 0.4 or ≤ − 0.4 in males (blue) and females (red) following CUS. B Volcano plots represent the -log₁₀(p-value) against the log₂(fold change) magnitude of transcripts altered by CUS in males (top panel) and females (bottom panel). C The top 24 differentially expressed genes for each sex following CUS. D Gene Ontology analysis identified significantly enriched terms from males (top panel) and females (bottom panel) in the categories of molecular function (orange), cellular components (green), and biological processes (blue). E DMF normalization of CUS-induced changes in gene expression, focusing on transcripts with a minimal log₂ fold correction of ≥ 0.3 or ≤ − 0.3