Skip to main content
. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Feb 13.
Published in final edited form as: Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2019 Jul 5;60:311–331. doi: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010919-023459

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Illustration of factors contributing to individual differences in drug exposure. In addition to pharmacogenetics, demographic factors (age, weight, and sex), clinical factors (organ function and other drugs), dosing factors (formulation, route, and timing), and issues such as adherence and food intake are important determinants of drug exposure. Interindividual differences in drug exposure can lead to differences in drug response, including inefficacy or toxicity.