Comparison of different catalysts for antibiotic removal in persulfate advanced oxidation systems.
| Catalyst (g L−1) | Raw material | Antibiotic | Concentrations (mg L−1) | Time (min) | Removal rate (%) | Mechanism | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ZnO/BC (0.1) | Water-hyacinth | Tetracycline (TC) | 50 | 50 | 44.98 | SO4˙− and ˙OH | 67 |
| CNS-800 (0.1) | Pine needles | Tetracycline (TC) | 20 | 20 | 85.6 | O2˙−, 1O2 and electron transfer | 68 |
| Cu/BC700 (0.5) | Corn stalks | Tetracycline (TC) | 120 | 330 | 55.4–72.6 | SO4˙− and ˙OH | 69 |
| MMBC (0.2) | Bamboo residue | Tetracycline (TC) | 20 | 180 | 93 | SO4˙− and ˙OH | 70 |
| N-BC800 (0.2) | Straw | Tetracycline (TC) | 20 | 120 | 100 | Electron transfer | 34 |
| PBC800 (0.5) | The raw bagasse | Tetracycline (TC) | 100 | 90 | 100 | SO4˙−, ˙OH O2˙− and 1O2 | 71 |
| CBs (0.1) | Cyanobacterial | Antibiotic norfloxacin (NOR) | 5 | 300 min | 100 | Electron transfer | 72 |
| MBC (1) | — | Sulfadiazine (SDZ) | 40 | 60 | 91.79 | SO4˙−, ˙OH and 1O2 | 73 |
| BC (0.09) | Spent malt rootlets | Sulfamethoxazole (SMX) | 0.25 | 90 | 94 | Ultrasound and radicals | 74 |
| SC-Zn (0.3) | Water-hyacinth | Tetracycline (TC) | 250 | 180 | 94.83 | SO4˙−, ˙OH and 1O2 | This study |