Fig. 3. Example of one multilevel life course conceptual framework from ecologic systems theory. Adapted with permission from Noursi S, Saluja B, Richey L. Using the ecological systems theory to understand Black/White disparities in maternal morbidity and mortality in the United States. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2021;8:661–9. doi: 10.1007/s40615-020-00825-412.
Davidson. Preventable Maternal Mortality. Obstet Gynecol 2024.