Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics According to the Atrial Fibrillation Types
| Characteristic | PAF (N=95) | PeAF (N=50) | LS‐PeAF (N=19) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, y | 64±11 | 65±10 | 65±10 | 0.958 |
| Men, n (%) | 61 (64.2) | 37 (74.0) | 18 (94.7) | 0.016 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 24.3±3.4 | 25.0±3.4 | 24.9±2.5 | 0.279 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 123±16 | 121±18 | 115±14 | 0.134 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 68±10 | 70±14 | 65±10 | 0.335 |
| Heart rate, bpm | 71±12 | 76±11 | 84±12* , † | <0.001 |
| Current smoking, n (%) | 8 (8.4) | 4 (8.0) | 4 (21.1) | 0.217 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 49 (51.6) | 27 (54.0) | 8 (42.1) | 0.673 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 16 (16.8) | 15 (30.0) | 4 (21.1) | 0.187 |
| Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 42 (44.2) | 22 (44.0) | 6 (31.6) | 0.582 |
| CHA2DS2‐VASc score | 2 (1–3) | 2 (1–3) | 1 (0–2) | 0.304 |
| Medications | ||||
| β‐Blocker, n (%) | 29 (30.5) | 27 (54.0) | 5 (26.3) | 0.012 |
| RAAS blocker, n (%) | 27 (28.4) | 17 (34.0) | 7 (36.8) | 0.668 |
| Calcium channel blocker, n (%) | 33 (34.7) | 19 (38.0) | 5 (26.3) | 0.661 |
| Statin, n (%) | 28 (29.5) | 15 (30.0) | 4 (21.1) | 0.796 |
| Oral antidiabetic drug, n (%) | 13 (13.7) | 13 (26.0) | 2 (10.5) | 0.137 |
| Antiarrhythmic drug, n (%) | 22 (23.2) | 19 (38.0) | 9 (47.4) | 0.043 |
| Laboratory data | ||||
| LDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 115±29 | 113±35 | 125±29 | 0.332 |
| HDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 61±16 | 58±14 | 61±21 | 0.759 |
| Triglyceride, mg/dL | 100 (66–149) | 95 (69–129) | 112 (72–190) | 0.376 |
| Fasting blood glucose, mg/dL | 102±27 | 114±47* | 106±35 | 0.041 |
| eGFR, mL/min per 1.73 m2 | 67.4±14.2 | 67.2±16.6 | 63.6±13.6 | 0.594 |
| C‐reactive protein, mg/dL | 0.06 (0.03–0.10) | 0.07 (0.03–0.20) | 0.09 (0.06–0.21) | 0.089 |
| BNP, pg/mL | 33 (15–58) | 94 (60–177)* | 95 (43–186)* | <0.001 |
| Ablation procedure characteristics | ||||
| Total procedure time, min | 159±40 | 174±42 | 193±51* | 0.006 |
| PVI, n (%) | 95 (100.0) | 50 (100.0) | 19 (100.0) | N/A |
| Radiofrequency ablation, n (%) | 35 (36.8) | 42 (84.0) | 18 (94.7) | <0.001 |
| Cryoballoon ablation, n (%) | 60 (63.2) | 8 (16.0) | 1 (5.3) | <0.001 |
| Extensive LA ablation, n (%) | 3 (3.2) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0.691 |
| SVC isolation, n (%) | 1 (1.1) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (5.3) | 0.311 |
| Cavotricuspid isthmus, n (%) | 21 (22.1) | 10 (20.0) | 6 (31.6) | 0.582 |
Data shown as mean±SD, n (percentage), or median (interquartile range). BNP indicates B‐type natriuretic peptide; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HDL, high‐density lipoprotein; LA, left atrial; LDL, low‐density lipoprotein; LS‐PeAF, long‐standing persistent atrial fibrillation; N/A, not applicable; PAF, paroxysmal atrial fibrillation; PeAF, persistent atrial fibrillation; PVI, pulmonary vein isolation; RAAS, renin‐angiotensin‐aldosterone system; and SVC, superior vena cava.
*
P<0.05 vs PAF group.
†
P<0.05 vs PeAF group.