Table 2. Daily emulsifier intakes among study participants from the NutriNet-Santé cohort, 2009–2021 (N = 92,000).
| Emulsifier name | European code | Mean intake (mg/d) | SD | Median intake (mg/d) | 25th percentile (mg/d) | 75th percentile (mg/d) | Proportion of consumers (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total emulsifiers | 4275.2 | 3080.1 | 3651.5 | 2141.2 | 5666.9 | 99.8 | |
| Total alginates | 8.8 | 34.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 15.7 | |
| Alginic acid | E400 | 0.0 | 0.8 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 |
| Sodium alginate | E401 | 8.5 | 33.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 15.0 |
| Potassium alginate | E402 | 0.3 | 4.8 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.8 |
| Calcium alginate | E404 | 0.1 | 3.7 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | <0.1 |
| Propylene glycol alginate | E405 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | <0.1 |
| Total carrageenans | 60.1 | 73.6 | 38.8 | 2.4 | 88.3 | 78.7 | |
| Carrageenan | E407 | 57.6 | 71.3 | 37.1 | 1.7 | 84.0 | 77.9 |
| Processed Euchema seaweed | E407a | 2.5 | 13.6 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 9.1 |
| Total phosphates | 360.3 | 492.4 | 229.1 | 44.6 | 497.1 | 79.8 | |
| Trisodium phosphate | E339 | 9.1 | 56.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 6.1 |
| Tripotassium phosphate | E340 | 8.1 | 92.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 5.6 |
| Tricalcium phosphate | E341 | 27.9 | 232.9 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 18.0 |
| Magnesium hydrogen phosphate | E343 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | <0.1 |
| Diphosphates | E450 | 246.7 | 341.0 | 141.1 | 0.0 | 342.2 | 72.6 |
| Sodium tripolyphosphate | E451 | 44.4 | 116.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 10.3 | 25.7 |
| Polyphosphates | E452 | 24.2 | 80.9 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 22.5 |
| Total celluloses | 18.9 | 92.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 20.8 | |
| Cellulose | E460 | 9.8 | 69.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 10.3 |
| Methyl cellulose | E461 | 1.9 | 16.8 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 2.4 |
| Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose | E464 | 3.3 | 32.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 4.4 |
| Carboxymethylcellulose | E466 | 3.8 | 30.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 10.7 |
| Cross-linked sodium carboxymethylcellulose | E468 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 |
| Total mono- and diglycerides of FAs | 205.6 | 273.5 | 124.8 | 22.9 | 282.1 | 83.9 | |
| Mono-and diglycerides of FAs | E471 | 162.3 | 202.2 | 101.1 | 11.0 | 232.9 | 81.5 |
| Esters of mono- and diglycerides of FAs | E472 | 3.3 | 37.7 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.3 |
| Acetic acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of FAs | E472a | 5.9 | 75.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 3.2 |
| Lactic acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of FAs | E472b | 20.8 | 100.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 13.4 |
| Citric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of FAs | E472c | 8.2 | 53.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 7.3 |
| Mono and diacetyl tartaric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of FAs | E472e | 5.1 | 27.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 14.3 |
| Total polyglycerol esters of FAs | 14.4 | 62.7 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 21.7 | |
| Polyglycerol esters of FAs | E475 | 10.7 | 60.7 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 7.0 |
| Polyglycerol esters of interesterified ricinoleic acid | E476 | 3.7 | 15.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 16.0 |
| Total lactylates | 4.2 | 22.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 8.6 | |
| Sodium stearoyl-2-lactylate | E481 | 4.1 | 21.7 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 8.5 |
| Calcium stearoyl-2-lactylate | E482 | 0.1 | 3.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.2 |
| Total modified starches | E14xx | 1299.7 | 1116.6 | 1055.3 | 494.7 | 1809.7 | 92.9 |
| Lecithins | E322 | 61.1 | 76.6 | 38.1 | 11.1 | 83.6 | 88.4 |
| Sodium citrate | E331 | 117.6 | 270.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 128.6 | 49.6 |
| Potassium dihydrogen citrate | E332 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | <0.1 |
| Sodium tartrates | E335 | 0.0 | 0.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | <0.1 |
| Agar | E406 | 3.2 | 34.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 2.0 |
| Carob bean gum | E410 | 31.5 | 67.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 37.9 | 45.7 |
| Guar gum | E412 | 167.3 | 224.4 | 90.9 | 0.0 | 238.3 | 72.9 |
| Gum arabic | E414 | 53.1 | 407.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 10.7 |
| Xanthan gum | E415 | 135.0 | 213.3 | 50.3 | 9.4 | 176.9 | 82.8 |
| Gellan gum | E418 | 0.4 | 4.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 2.0 |
| Konjac flour | E425 | 0.0 | 0.9 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | <0.1 |
| Polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate | E433 | 0.3 | 4.6 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.0 |
| Polyoxyethylene sorbitan monostearate | E435 | 0.0 | 0.9 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | <0.1 |
| Pectins | E440 | 218.1 | 303.9 | 130.0 | 31.4 | 285.7 | 82.5 |
| Ammonium salts of phosphatidic acid | E442 | 6.2 | 42.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 10.6 |
| Sucrose acetate isobutyrate | E444 | 0.0 | 0.8 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 |
| Glycerol esters of rosin | E445 | 0.1 | 1.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.8 |
| Sucrose esters of FAs | E473 | 1.2 | 12.8 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 2.6 |
| Propylene glycol esters of FAs | E477 | 0.4 | 7.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.9 |
| Sorbitan monostearate | E491 | 0.2 | 5.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.2 |
| Sorbitan tristearate | E492 | 0.6 | 11.6 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.5 |
| Sodium bicarbonate | E500 | 1,489.8 | 2,043.8 | 750.0 | 0.0 | 2,163.2 | 74.2 |
| Sodium aluminium phosphate | E541 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | <0.1 |
| Silicon dioxide | E551 | 8.0 | 181.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 2.6 |
| Dimethyl polysiloxane | E900 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | <0.1 |
| Beeswax | E901 | 0.1 | 0.6 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 6.1 |
| Maltitol | E965 | 6.3 | 91.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 2.1 |
| Xylitol | E967 | 2.4 | 35.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.3 |
| Quillaia extract | E999 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | <0.1 |
| Triethyl citrate | E1505 | 0.4 | 3.6 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 2.2 |
| Propylene glycol | E1520 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | <0.1 |
FAs, fatty acids; SD, standard deviation.