Table 3.
Extrapolated Estimates of Antibiotic Usage in the Truven MarketScan Hospital Drug Database by Year and Various Characteristics, 2006–2012
| DOT/1000 PDs | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | All Years | |
| Antibiotic class | ||||||||
| All | 732.5 | 736.9 | 755.6 | 766.8 | 755.4 | 770.0 | 767.5 | 754.8 |
| Aminoglycosides | 30.7 | 29.2 | 27.6 | 25.4 | 23.3 | 20.9 | 19.8 | 25.3 |
| First- and second-generation cephalosporins | 96.8 | 93.0 | 90.5 | 90.0 | 87.9 | 85.8 | 83.1 | 89.6 |
| Third- and fourth-generation Cephalosporins | 90.2 | 88.1 | 89.2 | 93.1 | 96.7 | 103.7 | 105.6 | 95.2 |
| Lincosamide | 23.1 | 22.9 | 22.3 | 21.6 | 20.4 | 20.2 | 19.8 | 21.5 |
| Fluoroquinolones | 143.7 | 141.0 | 139.4 | 134.3 | 126.6 | 123.0 | 117.0 | 132.3 |
| Macrolides | 35.2 | 34.2 | 36.9 | 38.7 | 37.6 | 42.0 | 42.1 | 38.1 |
| Glycopeptide | 72.0 | 77.1 | 85.0 | 91.7 | 93.6 | 100.1 | 103.4 | 88.8 |
| Sulfa | 15.4 | 16.0 | 16.5 | 16.0 | 15.4 | 14.5 | 13.8 | 15.4 |
| β-Lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor combinations | 75.5 | 80.5 | 88.0 | 93.4 | 94.5 | 99.1 | 102.6 | 90.4 |
| Carbapenems | 22.2 | 23.8 | 27.0 | 29.8 | 29.6 | 31.6 | 32.3 | 28.0 |
| Penicillins | 35.8 | 34.6 | 33.0 | 32.0 | 30.8 | 29.1 | 29.0 | 32.1 |
| Tetracyclines | 8.5 | 10.1 | 12.3 | 14.8 | 13.7 | 13.5 | 13.2 | 12.3 |
| Metronidazole | 53.7 | 53.1 | 52.4 | 51.0 | 50.0 | 49.7 | 49.3 | 51.3 |
| Other | 29.8 | 33.0 | 35.4 | 35.1 | 35.3 | 36.8 | 36.7 | 34.6 |
| US Census division | ||||||||
| New England (CT, MA, ME, NH, RI, VT) | 703.5 | 733.0 | 754.8 | 749.7 | 751.4 | 787.3 | 792.6 | 753.0 |
| Mid-Atlantic (NJ, NY, PA) | 644.4 | 648.5 | 650.5 | 652.6 | 642.4 | 659.1 | 647.3 | 649.3 |
| South Atlantic (DC, DE, FL, GA, MD, NC, SC, VA, WV) | 799.3 | 789.5 | 804.3 | 798.9 | 785.1 | 806.2 | 819.4 | 800.2 |
| Northeast Central (IL, IN, MI, OH, WI) | 784.7 | 769.9 | 800.4 | 831.6 | 810.6 | 823.4 | 863.0 | 811.6 |
| Southeast Central (AL, KY, MS, TN) | 733.7 | 726.7 | 738.8 | 741.5 | 739.0 | 758.7 | 768.0 | 743.4 |
| Northwest Central (IA, KS, MN, MO, ND, NE, SD) | 684.7 | 722.8 | 741.2 | 749.0 | 741.2 | 748.9 | 673.2 | 723.4 |
| Southwest Central (AR, LA, OK, TX) | 798.2 | 830.1 | 851.7 | 850.8 | 818.5 | 802.7 | 807.7 | 823.1 |
| Mountain (AZ, CO, ID, MT, NM, NV, UT, WY) | 804.7 | 775.1 | 822.5 | 802.5 | 788.6 | 799.9 | 757.2 | 793.9 |
| Pacific (AK, CA, HI, OR, WA) | 568.6 | 592.9 | 601.2 | 690.8 | 711.9 | 747.1 | 712.1 | 665.0 |
| Age category, y | ||||||||
| 0–17 | 424.5 | 417.5 | 412.9 | 416.5 | 397.3 | 373.7 | 347.9 | 400.1 |
| 18–44 | 671.0 | 670.1 | 680.5 | 689.9 | 674.0 | 676.8 | 673.4 | 676.5 |
| 45–64 | 807.9 | 814.5 | 834.5 | 856.4 | 839.8 | 850.6 | 850.1 | 836.4 |
| 65–84 | 818.1 | 824.6 | 847.4 | 856.9 | 846.2 | 869.5 | 868.4 | 846.9 |
| ≥85 | 769.1 | 769.2 | 802.0 | 813.2 | 817.0 | 850.9 | 852.5 | 811.4 |
| Sex | ||||||||
| Male | 761.7 | 766.5 | 785.6 | 795.5 | 779.8 | 792.1 | 786.8 | 781.1 |
| Female | 708.5 | 712.3 | 730.5 | 743.0 | 734.9 | 751.2 | 750.8 | 732.7 |
| Critical care location | ||||||||
| Yes | 1072.1 | 1073.2 | 1086.4 | 1073.8 | 1103.2 | 1124.0 | 1117.2 | 1092.3 |
| No | 698.7 | 702.7 | 720.9 | 733.7 | 719.5 | 735.3 | 732.7 | 720.3 |
| Urban | 730.9 | 739.6 | 754.9 | 764.9 | 753.4 | 767.2 | 761.6 | 753.2 |
| Rural | 745.4 | 712.4 | 762.0 | 784.4 | 774.4 | 798.2 | 827.9 | 769.9 |
| Teaching | 713.8 | 725.3 | 734.0 | 741.3 | 724.3 | 735.3 | 740.7 | 730.5 |
| Nonteaching | 752.9 | 749.1 | 778.8 | 792.9 | 787.2 | 805.7 | 796.9 | 780.4 |
| No. of beds, <300 | 739.0 | 739.1 | 768.1 | 790.2 | 776.0 | 804.1 | 818.3 | 775.5 |
| No. of beds, ≥300 | 726.7 | 734.9 | 744.9 | 747.4 | 738.6 | 742.2 | 725.4 | 737.2 |
| Large, urban teaching hospital | 713.6 | 724.7 | 729.1 | 733.1 | 717.3 | 722.7 | 711.8 | 721.8 |
| Hospitals other than large, urban, teaching | 744.2 | 744.2 | 771.9 | 786.9 | 777.9 | 797.0 | 801.6 | 774.6 |
| Proportion of discharges by antibiotic class, % | ||||||||
| All | 53.8 | 54.0 | 54.9 | 55.7 | 55.7 | 56.0 | 55.3 | 55.6 |
| Aminoglycosides | 5.7 | 5.6 | 5.3 | 4.6 | 4.3 | 4.0 | 3.9 | 4.8 |
| First- and second-generation cephalosporins | 20.4 | 20.3 | 20.1 | 20.2 | 20.1 | 19.5 | 18.9 | 20.0 |
| Third- and fourth-generation cephalosporins | 10.9 | 10.9 | 11.1 | 11.6 | 12.1 | 13.3 | 13.4 | 11.9 |
| Lincosamide | 3.4 | 3.4 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 3.5 |
| Fluoroquinolones | 16.8 | 16.7 | 16.9 | 16.4 | 15.8 | 15.7 | 15.0 | 16.2 |
| Macrolides | 4.9 | 4.9 | 5.3 | 5.7 | 5.5 | 6.1 | 6.0 | 5.5 |
| Glycopeptide | 8.2 | 8.9 | 9.9 | 10.7 | 11.3 | 12.3 | 12.9 | 10.6 |
| Sulfa | 1.8 | 1.9 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 1.9 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 1.9 |
| β-Lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor combinations | 7.5 | 8.0 | 8.6 | 9.1 | 9.5 | 10.2 | 10.4 | 9.0 |
| Carbapenems | 1.7 | 2.0 | 2.3 | 2.6 | 2.7 | 2.9 | 3.0 | 2.4 |
| Penicillins | 6.0 | 5.7 | 5.5 | 5.1 | 4.9 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 5.2 |
| Tetracyclines | 0.9 | 1.1 | 1.3 | 1.6 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.4 |
| Metronidazole | 5.1 | 5.2 | 5.1 | 5.1 | 5.2 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.2 |
| Other | 2.9 | 3.1 | 3.2 | 3.4 | 3.5 | 3.6 | 3.6 | 3.3 |
Abbreviations: DOT, days of therapy; PDs, patient-days.