Table 2.
Intergroup differences in QoL, HRQoL, and level of functioning adjusted for age, sex, educational level, comorbidities, income, and change of employment status.
| ICU‐PCC | H‐PCC | M‐PCC | HC | F | p | η 2 | Post hoc Bonferroni | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Madj (SE) | Madj (SE) | Madj (SE) | Madj (SE) | ||||||
| PH‐WHOQoL‐BREF | 51.64 (1.22) | 51.43 (1.16) | 48.63 (0.72) | 57.98 (0.97) | 20.280 | 0.0001 | 0.113 | ICU < HC | 0.0001 |
| H < HC | 0.0001 | ||||||||
| M < HC | 0.0001 | ||||||||
| PS‐WHOQoL‐BREF | 60.53 (1.41) | 57.68 (1.34) | 54.69 (0.83) | 62.59 (1.12) | 12.354 | 0.0001 | 0.072 | H < HC | 0.042 |
| M < HC | 0.0001 | ||||||||
| M < ICU | 0.003 | ||||||||
| SR‐WHOQoL‐BREF | 63.86 (2.38) | 62.66 (2.27) | 59.47 (1.41) | 65.67 (1.90) | 2.614 | 0.051 | 0.016 | ||
| E‐WHOQoL‐BREF | 66.38 (1.80) | 65.98 (1.71) | 64.47 (1.06) | 69.63 (1.43) | 2.857 | 0.037 | 0.018 | M < HC | 0.022 |
| EQ‐5D‐3L index | 0.752 (0.022) | 0.787 (0.021) | 0.677 (0.013) | 0.864 (0.018) | 25.474 | 0.0001 | 0.138 | ICU < HC | 0.001 |
| H < HC | 0.042 | ||||||||
| M < HC | 0.0001 | ||||||||
| M < ICU | 0.032 | ||||||||
| M < H | 0.0001 | ||||||||
| EQ‐5D‐3L VAS | 67.83 (2.30) | 67.32 (2.20) | 59.81 (1.35) | 76.82 (1.81) | 19.551 | 0.0001 | 0.110 | ICU < HC | 0.023 |
| H < HC | 0.008 | ||||||||
| M < HC | 0.0001 | ||||||||
| M < ICU | 0.023 | ||||||||
| M < H | 0.027 | ||||||||
| WHODAS total | 27.58 (2.00) | 26.54 (1.90) | 31.98 (1.18) | 12.35 (1.59) | 33.348 | 0.0001 | 0.174 | ICU < HC | 0.0001 |
| H > HC | 0.0001 | ||||||||
| M > HC | 0.0001 | ||||||||
| WHODAS cognition | 26.70 (2.30) | 26.12 (2.19) | 32.56 (1.36) | 11.44 (1.83) | 29.160 | 0.0001 | 0.155 | ICU > HC | 0.0001 |
| H > HC | 0.0001 | ||||||||
| M > HC | 0.0001 | ||||||||
| WHODAS mobility | 23.02 (2.43) | 20.93 (2.30) | 24.57 (1.43) | 9.12 (1.92) | 14.494 | 0.0001 | 0.084 | ICU > HC | 0.0001 |
| H > HC | 0.0001 | ||||||||
| M > HC | 0.0001 | ||||||||
| WHODAS self‐care | 8.64 (1.68) | 10.32 (1.60) | 8.54 (0.99) | 2.72 (1.33) | 5.521 | 0.0001 | 0.034 | H > HC | 0.003 |
| M > HC | 0.003 | ||||||||
| WHODAS getting along | 16.26 (2.39) | 16.98 (2.27) | 20.88 (1.41) | 12.04 (1.89) | 4.920 | 0.002 | 0.030 | M > HC | 0.001 |
| WHODAS life activities | 27.69 (2.84) | 28.88 (2.69) | 38.08 (1.67) | 12.11 (2.25) | 29.232 | 0.0001 | 0.155 | ICU > HC | 0.0001 |
| H > HC | 0.0001 | ||||||||
| M > HC | 0.0001 | ||||||||
| M > ICU | 0.014 | ||||||||
| M > H | 0.028 | ||||||||
| WHODAS participation | 29.93 (2.05) | 28.94 (2.03) | 34.28 (1.26) | 14.85 (1.68) | 28.969 | 0.0001 | 0.154 | ICU > HC | 0.0001 |
| H > HC | 0.0001 | ||||||||
| M > HC | 0.0001 |
η 2 effect size is as follows: η 2 = 0.009, small; η 2 = 0.059, medium; η 2 = 0.139, large.
E, environment; H, hospitalized; HC, healthy control; ICU, intensive care unit; M, mild; PCC, post‐COVID condition; PH, physical health; PS, psychological; SR, social relationships; WHODAS, World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule; WHOQOL‐BREF, World Health Organization Quality of Life Scale.