Table 1. Characteristics of the selected articles.

ADRC: adipose-derived regenerative cell; ADSC: adipose tissue-derived stem cell; BC: bacterial cellulose; CDI: carbodiimide; CNS: cavernous nerve stimulation; cGMP: cyclic guanosine monophosphate; ECM: extracellular matrix; eNOS: endothelial nitric oxide synthase; ED: erectile dysfunction; GP: genipin; ICP: intracranial pressure; MAP: mean arterial pressure; nNOS: neuronal nitric oxide synthase; PD: Peyronie's disease; PEU: polyesterurethane; SMC: smooth muscle cell; SVF: stromal vascular fraction; SUI: stress urinary incontinence; TA: tunica albuginea; UDSC: urine-derived stem cell; VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor

Study	Type of regenerative medicine	Urological application	Conclusion
Morgante et al., 2021 [7]	Biomaterials	Urethra to treat hypospadias	Evidence that implanted non-crosslinked acellular matrices readily incorporate to support surgical repair. Acellular matrix onlay grafts enhance repair quality and reduce complications
Orabi et al., 2013 [8]	Biomaterials	Urethral reconstruction	Preclinical evidence of cell-seeded tubularized scaffolds for reconstructing long urethral defects. Bladder-derived acellular collagen matrix with autologous cells led to normal urethral tissue development over time
Raya-Rivera et al., 2011 [9]	A tissue biopsy	Urethral reconstruction	Urethral biopsies revealed a normal architecture 3 months post-implantation. Tubularized urethras can be engineered and remain functional for as long as six years in a clinical setting
Garcia-Arranz et al., 2020 [10]	Mesenchymal stem cells	Treatment of urinary incontinence	A 70% to 80% subjective improvement from baseline. No adverse effects were observed. Intraurethral application of stem cells derived from adipose tissue is a safe and feasible treatment for postradical prostatectomy or female SUI
Gotoh et al., 2013 [11]	ADRCs	Treatment of SUI	There was a 59.8% decrease in leakage volume in the 24 h pad test. The mean maximum urethral closing pressure and functional profile length increased from 35.5 to 44.7 cmH2O and 20.4 to 26.0 mm, respectively. Periurethral autologous ADRC injection is a safe and feasible treatment for male SUI, and likely for female SUI as well
Yamamoto et al., 2012 [12]	Autologous adipose tissue-derived regenerative cells	SUI	Maximum urethral closing pressure and functional profile length increased; progressive increase in blood flow to the injected area. No significant adverse events were observed. Urinary incontinence improved from two weeks post-injection up to six months
Gokce et al., 2014 [13]	ADSCs	Prevention and treatment of ED	Significantly higher ICP/MAP and total ICP in response to cavernous nerve stimulation CNS. Local ADSC injection prevented/reduced Peyronie's-like changes. Research confirms ADSC benefits on penile fibrosis and erectile function
Castiglione et al., 2012 [14]	ADSCs	ADSCs on improving erectile function	Erectile function significantly improved with ADSC treatment. PD animals' fibrosis and elastosis areas were prevented by ADSC treatment. ADSC injection prevents fibrosis and elastosis in the TA and corpus cavernosum
Huang et al., 2010 [15]	ADSCs	Treatment of ED	ADSC ameliorates nerve and endothelial abnormalities, promising a potential therapy for ED
Das et al., 2014 [16]	Stem and stromal cells	Treating ED	Human SVF treatment significantly increased cavernous endothelial and smooth muscle cell contents, induced eNOS phosphorylation, and restored penile nNOS-positive nerve fibers. Erectile function significantly improved in diabetic mice treated with human SVF and SVF lysate
Ryu et al., 2012 [17]	SVF from epididymal adipose	Restoration erectile function	SVF increased cavernous endothelial cell proliferation, eNOS phosphorylation, and cGMP expression. SVF promotion of cavernous angiogenesis and erectile function was abolished with VEGF-Trap, a VEGF-A neutralizing antibody
Bodin et al., 2010 [18]	UDSCs	Urinary bladder reconstruction	Porous BC scaffolds enable 3D USC growth, forming a multilayered urothelium and cell-matrix infiltration. Cell-seeded BC scaffolds hold promise for tissue-engineered urinary conduits in urinary reconstruction
Horst et al., 2015 [19]	Hybrid microfibrous PEU and poly lactic-co-glycolic acid scaffolds	Bladder tissue formation	PEU-hybrid scaffolds promote bladder tissue formation with excellent integration and low inflammation. PEU is a promising biomaterial for tissue engineering
Adamowicz et al., 2020 [20]	A novel biocomposite	Urinary bladder wall regeneration	The graphene layer significantly increased biocomposite electrical conductivity. The graphene layer efficiently stimulated SMC with a strong cell-to-biomaterial interface
Zhao et al., 2020 [21]	Differentiated human-USCs	Ureter reconstruction	Ultimately, a layered ureter structure with multilayered urothelium over organized smooth muscle tissue. Tissue-engineered graft formed multilayered urothelium and organized smooth muscle tissue after ureteral reconstruction
Koch et al., 2015 [22]	Decellularized ureters	Reconstructing ureteric defects	In vitro: CDI and genipin GP scaffolds had more ingrown 3T3 and rat SMCs than untreated scaffolds. In vivo: implants were mainly infiltrated by fibroblasts and M2 anti-inflammatory macrophages. CDI was the most beneficial for crosslinking ECM scaffolds. Results aid in developing a biocompatible ureteral xenograft