Table 1.

Overnight fasting induces robust hypoglycemia and hyperketonemia in mice, which is exacerbated by bortezomib but not chloroquine

	Fed	Fast	Fast + CLQ	Fast + Bort	P Value (ANOVA)
Glucose	7 ± 25%	−45 ± 15%***	−47 ± 13%***	−56 ± 21%****	<0.0001
Insulin	1.01 ± 0.27 ng/mL	0.37 ± 0.19 ng/mL	0.36 ± 0.05 ng/mL	1.01 ± 0.24 ng/mL	0.08
BHB	0.15 ± 0.02 mM	1.37 ± 0.29 mM*	1.37 ± 0.29 mM	1.37 ± 0.29 mM ***,##,&&	<0.001
NEFA	0.68 ± 0.08 mEq/L	1.32 ± 0.46 mEq/L	2.1 ± 1.09 mEq/L**	1.7 ± 0.52 mEq/L*	<0.01
TG	130 ± 26 mg/dL	115 ± 15 mg/dL	133 ± 20 mg/dL	147 ± 39 mg/dL	0.21
Lactate	5.5 ± 0.1 µM	2.4 ± 0.5 µM****	2.5 ± 0.7 µM****	1.9 ± 0.6 µM****	<0.001

Values are means ± SD. Changes in serum glucose from beginning till end of the experiment. Serum insulin, β hydroxybutyrate (BHB), nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), triglycerides, and lactate levels at the point of tissue collection. Sample size was n = 6 or 7 animals/group. A one-way ANOVA and a Tukey post hoc multiple comparison test were used to assess group differences. Statistically significant differences to the Fed condition are denoted as *, **, ***, and **** (P < 0.05, 0.01, 0.001, or 0.0001, respectively). Significant differences to the Fast group are denoted as ## (P < 0.01). Significant differences to the Fast+CLQ group are denoted as && (P < 0.01). Bort, bortezomib; CLQ, chloroquine; TG, triglycerides.