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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Feb 13.
Published in final edited form as: J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2023 Sep 9;152(5):1033–1046. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2023.09.001

FIG 2.

FIG 2.

Direct and indirect effects of extreme heat on upper and lower respiratory epithelial barrier. Results are summarized of cell culture, animal models, and human studies; levels of evidence are indicated in text. HDM, House dust mite; ROS, reactive oxygen species; RR, respiratory rate; SIR, systemic inflammatory response; TRAP, traffic-related air pollution; TV, tidal volume.