TABLE II.

What remains unknown?

Characteristic	Biological mechanism	Epidemiologic trends
Global warming effect—Direct, extreme temperature; indirect, (1) heavy rains and floods, (2) wildfires, and (3) air pollution	• What are the biological mechanisms in humans of the direct and indirect effects of global warming on asthma, AR, and AD? • What are the long-term impacts on the epithelial barrier of the direct and indirect effect of global warming in asthma, AR, and AD? • Are airway inflammation and structural changes in the epithelial barrier caused by heavy rains and floods, air pollution, sand and dust storms and wildfires reversible if necessary precautions are taken? • What is the role of sweat in epithelial barrier function in different climates and among different population groups? • What are the genetic factors that may increase susceptibility for developing allergic disease when exposed to global warming?	• How do extreme temperature, heavy rains and floods, and wildfires affect the prevalence or incidence of AD? • What are the synergistic effects of climatic factors on the severity of asthma, AR, and AD? • How may climatic factors affect the burden of allergic diseases between low-resource and high-resource regions?
Implications for AR, asthma, and AD	• What is the efficacy and safety of individualized treatment strategies acting on affected mediators, chaperones, and TRPV channels in global warming-related AR and asthma? • What is the mechanistic effect of different treatment modalities, including biologics, on global warming-related AD?	• What are the underlying risk factors for asthma, AR, and AD development due to global warming? • What are the best air pollution mitigation interventions to decrease the effects of climatic factors on asthma, AR, and AD severity? • Which medical interventions (eg, biologics) are more effective at reducing the burden of asthma and AD due to global warming?