Table 2.
Patient demographics, comorbidities, orbital fracture and surgical characteristics of the study population, among patients who developed postoperative diplopia vs patients who did not using 70% of the study population.
| Overall (n = 254) | 70% Dataset (n = 183) | P | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Postoperative diplopia (n = 33) | No postoperative diplopia (n = 150) | |||
| Demographics | ||||
| Age, median (IQR), years | 36.1 (27.8–50.7) | 42.0 (31.3–50.2) | 35.5 (27.5–50.9) | 0.188 |
| Male sex | 184 (72.4) | 24 (72.7) | 111 (74.0) | 1.000 |
| Race and ethnicity | ||||
| White | 114 (44.9) | 16 (48.5) | 66 (44.0) | 0.878 |
| Black | 108 (42.5) | 15 (45.5) | 62 (41.3) | |
| Hispanic/Latino | 11 (4.3) | 1 (3.0) | 7 (4.7) | |
| Asian | 4 (1.6) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (1.3) | |
| Other | 17 (6.7) | 1 (3.0) | 13 (8.7) | |
| Alcohol use | 4 (1.6) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (2.7) | 1.000 |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Hypertension | 65 (25.6) | 11 (33.3) | 40 (26.7) | 0.520 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 19 (7.5) | 2 (6.1) | 12 (8.0) | 0.750 |
| Eye disorders e.g., cataract, visual symptoms, glaucoma | 7 (2.8) | 1 (3.0) | 4 (2.7) | 1.000 |
| Orbital fracture and surgical characteristics | ||||
| Mechanism of injury | ||||
| Fall | 52 (20.5) | 5 (15.2) | 31 (20.7) | 0.311 |
| Assault | 102 (40.2) | 18 (54.5) | 57 (38.0) | |
| Sports-related | 20 (7.9) | 1 (3.0) | 12 (8.0) | |
| Motor vehicle collision | 46 (18.1) | 4 (12.1) | 30 (20.0) | |
| Pedestrian struck | 4 (1.6) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (2.0) | |
| Bicyclist struck | 1 (0.4) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.7) | |
| Gun | 10 (3.9) | 0 (0.0) | 7 (4.7) | |
| Motorcycle collision | 1 (0.4) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.7) | |
| Unknown/other | 18 (7.1) | 5 (15.2) | 8 (5.3) | |
| Surgical service | ||||
| Plastic surgery | 120 (47.2) | 17 (51.5) | 73 (48.7) | 0.974 |
| ENT | 23 (9.1) | 2 (6.1) | 14 (9.3) | |
| OMFS | 21 (8.3) | 2 (6.1) | 10 (6.7) | |
| Oculoplastics | 90 (35.4) | 12 (36.4) | 53 (35.3) | |
| Isolated orbital fracture | 86 (33.9) | 13 (39.4) | 50 (33.3) | 0.547 |
| Two fractured orbits | 23 (9.1) | 2 (6.1) | 13 (8.7) | 1.000 |
| Surgical timing | ||||
| Within 2 weeks of injury | 166 (65.6) | 16 (48.5) | 106 (71.1) | 0.015 |
| > 2 weeks of injury | 87 (34.4) | 17 (51.5) | 43 (28.9) | |
| Preoperative ocular symptoms | ||||
| Extraocular muscle entrapment | 13 (5.1) | 1 (3.0) | 7 (4.7) | 1.000 |
| Limited ocular motility | 70 (27.6) | 12 (36.4) | 42 (28.0) | 0.400 |
| Enophthalmos | 66 (26) | 15 (45.5) | 32 (21.3) | 0.004 |
| Diplopia | 100 (39.4) | 14 (42.4) | 53 (35.3) | 0.550 |
| Periorbital ecchymosis/swelling | 204 (80.3) | 20 (60.6) | 130 (86.7) | < 0.001 |
| Orbital fracture severity | ||||
| Mild (< 2 cm2 defect or < 3 mm displacement) | 82 (32.3) | 4 (12.1) | 54 (36.0) | 0.012 |
| Moderate-to-severe (> 2 cm2 defect or > 3 mm displacement) | 97 (38.2) | 29 (87.9) | 96 (64.0) | |
| Orbital fracture site | ||||
| Roof | 24 (9.4) | 1 (3.0) | 14 (9.3) | 0.314 |
| Lateral wall | 40 (15.7) | 5 (15.2) | 25 (16.7) | 1.000 |
| Floor | 230 (90.6) | 31 (93.9) | 133 (88.7) | 0.534 |
| Medial wall | 123 (48.4) | 21 (63.6) | 71 (47.3) | 0.123 |
| Globe or soft tissue repair | 45 (17.7) | 3 (9.1) | 29 (19.3) | 0.209 |
Frequency data are reported as No. (%).
Percentages shown were calculated as a fraction of respective groups (n = 254: all patients; n = 33: patients who developed postoperative diplopia within the 70% dataset; n = 150: patients who did not develop postoperative diplopia within the 70% dataset).
Significant P-values < 0.05 are bolded.
ENT ear, nose, and throat; OMFS oral and maxillofacial surgery; IQR interquartile range.