Table 1.
Comparison between no IVH and any IVH subgroups using univariate analysis.
| Variables | No IVH (n = 1,096) |
Any IVH (n = 183) |
p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gestational age (weeks) | 28.7 ± 2.1 | 26.7 ± 2.4 | <.001 |
| 29–31 | 667 (60.9%) | 47 (25.7%) | |
| 26–28 | 301 (27.4%) | 66 (36.0%) | |
| 23–25 | 128 (11.7%) | 70 (38.3%) | |
| Birth weight (grams) | 1,165 ± 354 | 935 ± 354 | <.001 |
| ≥1,500 | 181 (16.5%) | 17 (9.3%) | |
| 1,000–1,499 | 526 (48.0%) | 48 (26.2%) | |
| <1,000 | 389 (35.5%) | 118 (64.5%) | |
| Fetal therapy | 62 (5.7%) | 13 (7.1%) | .400 |
| Monochorionic pregnancy | 245 (22.4%) | 31 (16.9%) | .120 |
| Prenatal care | 1,081 (98.6%) | 181 (98.9%) | 1.000 |
| Antenatal steroids (complete) | 856 (78.1%) | 116 (63.4%) | <.001 |
| Male gender | 608 (55.5%) | 104 (56.8%) | .748 |
| Small for gestational age | 159 (14.5%) | 29 (15.8%) | .652 |
| Vaginal delivery | 180 (16.4%) | 66 (36.1%) | <.001 |
| Multiple birth | 527 (48.1%) | 68 (37.2%) | .006 |
| Placental transfusion | 615 (56.1%) | 103 (56.2%) | 1.000 |
| Delayed cord clamping | 438 (40.0%) | 72 (39.3%) | |
| Umbilical cord milking | 177 (16.1%) | 31 (16.9%) | |
| Apgar score at 5 min | 7.7 ± 1.2 | 7.0 ± 1.6 | <.001 |
| Delivery room intubation | 180 (16.4%) | 87 (47.5%) | <.001 |
| Admission temperature (°C) | 36.6 ± 0.5 | 36.6 ± 0.7 | .340 |
| Respiratory distress syndrome | 1,054 (96.2%) | 179 (97.8%) | .389 |
| Caffeine citrate | 1,024 (93.4%) | 161 (88.0%) | .014 |
| Surfactant administration | 520 (47.4%) | 129 (70.5%) | <.001 |
| INSURE | 84 (7.7%) | 5 (2.7%) | |
| LISA | 122 (11.1%) | 9 (4.9%) | |
| Continuous Ventilation | 314 (28.6%) | 115 (62.9%) | |
| HFOV | 80 (7.3%) | 56 (30.6%) | <.001 |
| PPHN | 30 (2.7%) | 20 (10.9%) | <.001 |
| Pulmonary hemorrhage | 45 (4.1%) | 26 (14.2%) | <.001 |
| Tension pneumothorax | 21 (1.9%) | 9 (4.9%) | .029 |
| PDA treatment | 66 (6.0%) | 35 (19.1%) | <.001 |
| Drugs | 47 (4.3%) | 23 (12.5%) | |
| Ligation | 13 (1.2%) | 4 (2.2%) | |
| Drugs + Ligation | 6 (0.5%) | 8 (4.4%) | |
| Hypotension treatment | 179 (16.3%) | 81 (44.3%) | <.001 |
| Volume | 81 (7.4%) | 14 (7.7%) | |
| Volume + Inotropes | 44 (4.0%) | 24 (13.1%) | |
| Volume + Inotropes + Steroids | 54 (4.9%) | 43 (23.5%) | |
| Early onset sepsis | 84 (7.7%) | 38 (20.8%) | <.001 |
| Mortality | 34 (3.1%) | 42 (23.0%) | <.001 |
HFOV, high frequency oscillatory ventilation; INSURE, INtubation-SURfactant-Extubation; IVH, intraventricular hemorrhage; LISA, less invasive surfactant administration; PDA, persistent ductus arteriosus; PPHN, persistent pulmonary hypertension of newborn.