Table 2.

Hippocampal levels of apoptosis-, oxidative stress-, and neuroinflammation-associated factors.

Groups	Sham	Sham+ KV100 mg/kg	OA	OA+ KV50 mg/kg	OA+ KV100 mg/kg
Oxidative stress and antioxidants (n=7/group)
MDA (nmol/mg)	1.03 ± 0.09	1.15 ± 0.14	2.18 ± 0.17***	1.73 ± 0.18*	1.29 ± 0.15##
Estimated ROS (RFU)	5.17 ± 0.49	4.95 ± 0.53	8.91 ± 0.85**	6.92 ± 0.81	5.79 ± 0.75#
Nitrite (μg/mg)	5.91 ± 0.67	5.73 ± 0.75	9.82 ± 0.91*	8.32 ± 0.83	7.03 ± 0.78
Protein carbonyl (μmol/g)	7.85 ± 1.12	8.27 ± 1.34	20.15 ± 1.62***	15.91 ± 1.59**	13.82 ± 1.54*#
GSH (nmol/mg)	6.71 ± 0.49	6.03 ± 0.51	3.86 ± 0.55**	5.35 ± 0.52	6.07 ± 0.54#
Catalase (unit/mg)	4.91 ± 0.33	4.51 ± 0.39	2.07 ± 0.45***	2.51 ± 0.43**	3.46 ± 0.41
SOD (unit/mg)	7.51 ± 0.49	7.05 ± 0.53	4.17 ± 0.59**	6.09 ± 0.56	6.67 ± 0.52#
Glutathione reductase (nmol/min/mg)	73.52 ± 5.68	70.21 ± 4.97	47.32 ± 5.93*	57.80 ± 5.82	65.81 ± 6.34
Glutathione peroxidase (nmol/min/mg)	38.95 ± 2.85	41.76 ± 3.25	25.17 ± 3.55*	30.93 ± 3.29	33.85 ± 3.37
Inflammation (n=7/group)
TNFα (pg/mg)	27.83 ± 2.57	26.58 ± 2.91	55.14 ± 3.46***	41.09 ± 3.55*#	38.25 ± 3.18##
IL-6 (pg/mg)	25.13 ± 2.38	30.38 ± 2.85	48.51 ± 3.57***	42.35 ± 3.76**	35.21 ± 3.17#
Apoptosis and pyroptosis (n=7/group)
Caspase 1 (OD)	0.31 ± 0.05	0.35 ± 0.06	0.79 ± 0.11**	0.57 ± 0.08	0.45 ± 0.07#
Caspase 3 (OD)	0.27 ± 0.04	0.25 ± 0.06	0.67 ± 0.08**	0.48 ± 0.07	0.36 ± 0.07#
Phosphorylated tau (n=7/group)
P-tau (pg/mg)	31.95 ± 2.87	33.51 ± 3.09	65.82 ± 3.89***	50.19 ± 3.75**#	46.37 ± 3.52*##

* for p < 0.05, ** for p < 0.01, *** for p < 0.001 versus sham group; # for p < 0.05, ## for p < 0.01 versus OA group.