. 2023 Oct 26;131(5):762–772. doi: 10.1017/S0007114523002441

Table 2.

Amounts of amino acids released over time into the large intestine of growing pigs fed a whey protein isolate containing test meal^*

(Mean values with their standard errors)

	Post-feeding time, h												P
	1–3			4			6			12
	Mean	SE		Mean	SE		Mean	SE		Mean	SE
TiO₂, %^†	2·0	0·27		4·6	1·20		34	5·9		49	6·4
n ^‡	1			5			6			6
mg
His^§	1·59	0·36	4·92	1·85	0·31	6·34	2·35	0·24	10·5	3·87	0·40	47·9	0·002L^‖
Ile^§	2·26	0·33	9·54	2·51	0·29	12·3	3·01	0·23	20·2	4·51	0·37	90·9	0·001L
Leu^§	2·81	0·36	16·7	3·07	0·31	21·4	3·57	0·24	35·4	5·08	0·40	159	0·002L
Lys^§	1·42	0·59	4·15	2·41	0·33	11·1	3·91	0·39	49·8	4·66	0·40	106	0·047Q^‖
Met^§	1·06	0·45	2·88	1·32	0·39	3·75	1·85	0·30	6·33	3·42	0·50	30·5	0·006L
Phe^§	2·26	0·34	9·54	2·51	0·29	12·3	3·02	0·23	20·5	4·55	0·38	94·7	0·001L
Thr^¶	4·63	1·23	21·4	5·55	1·07	30·8	7·38	0·83	54·4	12·9	1·38	165	0·001L
Trp^§	1·71	0·35	5·52	1·95	0·30	7·01	2·43	0·24	11·3	3·86	0·39	47·5	0·003L
Val^§	2·56	0·33	13·1	2·82	0·29	16·8	3·32	0·22	27·6	4·82	0·37	123	0·001L
Ala^§	2·84	0·33	17·1	3·06	0·28	21·4	3·51	0·22	33·4	4·85	0·36	127	0·002L
Arg^§	3·01	0·35	20·2	3·24	0·30	25·5	3·70	0·24	40·4	5·08	0·39	161	0·003L
Asp^§	3·21	0·34	24·8	3·45	0·30	31·5	3·93	0·23	50·8	5·36	0·38	213	0·002L
Glu^§	2·36	0·54	10·5	3·50	0·31	33·2	5·19	0·36	180	5·47	0·37	238	0·006Q
Gly^¶	5·51	1·21	30·4	6·34	1·04	40·2	8·00	0·81	64·1	13·0	1·35	169	0·002L
Ser^§	2·87	0·33	17·7	3·10	0·28	22·1	3·54	0·22	34·6	4·89	0·37	132	0·002L
Tyr^§	2·23	0·35	9·28	2·46	0·30	11·7	2·94	0·24	18·8	4·35	0·39	77·8	0·002L
Total^§,^**	5·48	0·36	241	5·70	0·31	298	6·13	0·24	458	7·42	0·41	1,661	0·007L
EAA^§,^**	4·69	0·3	109	4·92	0·30	137	5·37	0·24	215	6·73	0·40	833	0·004L
NEAA^§,^**	4·94	0·36	139	5·16	0·32	174	5·60	0·25	270	6·92	0·40	112	0·005L

Values are mean values with their standard error of the mean.

^†

TiO₂, titanium dioxide_{Large intestine}/titanium dioxide_Intake × 100.

^‡

n, indicates the number of replicates. For post-feeding time 1–3 h, terminal ileal digesta of only one of the pigs at the 3 h post-feeding time had values higher than the limit of detection. Thus, for the animals with values lower than the limit of detection it was assumed that amino acids did not reach the terminal ileum and therefore they were not released into the large intestine. For post-feeding time 4 h, terminal ileal digesta collected were not sufficient to analyse titanium dioxide for one pig.

^§

A natural logarithm transformation of the raw data was required to achieve the model assumptions of normality and homoscedasticity. The values (third column of the post-feeding time) represent the mean for each response variable after back-transformation.

^‖

L or Q, linear or quadratic effect for the amounts of amino acids released into the large intestine over time.

^¶

A square root transformation of the raw data was required to achieve the model assumptions of normality and homoscedasticity. The values (third column of the post-feeding time) represent the mean for each response variable after back-transformation.

^**

Total, EAA and NEAA, total, essential and non-essential amino acids.