Table 1. Patient Demographics and Clinical Characteristics in 2019.
| Characteristic | Patients in 2019, No. (%) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| All patients aged <18 y (N = 4 126 349) | Dispensed 0 PGx drugs (n = 3 386 277 [82.1%])a | Dispensed ≥1 PGx drug (n = 740 072 [17.9%])a | |
| Age, y | |||
| Median (IQR) | 9 (5-13) | 9 (5-13) | 9 (4-14) |
| 0-1 | 256 548 (6.2) | 203 675 (6.0) | 52 873 (7.1) |
| 2-4 | 727 723 (17.6) | 591 610 (17.5) | 136 113 (18.4) |
| 5-11 | 1 744 711 (42.3) | 1 470 859 (43.4) | 273 852 (37) |
| 12-17 | 1 397 367 (33.9) | 1 120 133 (33.1) | 277 234 (37.5) |
| Sex | |||
| Male | 2 129 926 (51.6) | 1 763 524 (52.1) | 366 402 (49.5) |
| Female | 1 996 423 (48.4) | 1 622 753 (47.9) | 373 670 (50.5) |
| Race | |||
| Black | 1 282 483 (31.1) | 1 073 160 (31.7) | 209 323 (28.3) |
| Hispanic | 507 693 (12.3) | 436 674 (12.9) | 71 019 (9.6) |
| White | 1 767 366 (42.8) | 1 416 516 (41.8) | 350 850 (47.4) |
| Otherb | 269 877 (6.5) | 224 167 (6.6) | 45 710 (6.2) |
| Missing | 298 930 (7.2) | 235 760 (7.0) | 63 170 (8.5) |
| No. of chronic conditions | |||
| 0 | 2 234 360 (54.1) | 2 004 733 (59.2) | 229 627 (31) |
| 1 | 1 167 578 (28.3) | 918 393 (27.1) | 249 185 (33.7) |
| 2-3 | 631 980 (15.3) | 420 200 (12.4) | 211 780 (28.6) |
| ≥4 | 92 431 (2.2) | 42 951 (1.3) | 49 480 (6.7) |
| Complex chronic condition | |||
| No | 3 401 877 (82.4) | 2 739 691 (80.9) | 662 186 (89.5) |
| Yes | 724 472 (17.6) | 646 586 (19.1) | 77 886 (10.5) |
| Number of mental health conditions | |||
| 0 | 3 152 514 (76.4) | 2 694 064 (79.6) | 458 450 (61.9) |
| 1 | 506 870 (12.3) | 391 397 (11.6) | 115 473 (15.6) |
| 2-3 | 366 243 (8.9) | 249 906 (7.4) | 116 337 (15.7) |
| ≥4 | 100 722 (2.4) | 50 910 (1.5) | 49 812 (6.7) |
| No. of PGx drugs dispensed | |||
| 0 | 3 386 277 (82.1) | 3 386 277 (100) | 0 |
| 1 | 606 190 (14.7) | 0 | 606 190 (81.9) |
| 2-3 | 130 053 (3.2) | 0 | 130 053 (17.6) |
| ≥4 | 3829 (0.1) | 0 | 3829 (0.5) |
Abbreviation: PGx drug, medication with a high level of evidence of pharmacogenetic-guided dosing.
a
P values comparing patients dispensed 0 PGx drugs with those dispensed 1 or more PGx drug using χ2 tests were all <.001.
b
Other race and ethnicity was defined based on each state’s Medicaid policies, but this represents individuals who were not Black, Hispanic, or White.