. 2024 Feb 5;21:101182. doi: 10.1016/j.fochx.2024.101182

Table 3.

Effects of pretreatments on anti-nutritional content in buckwheat and quinoa grains during germination.

		Phytic acid (mg/g)		Tannin (mg CE/g)
Pretreatment	Germination Time (h)	Buckwheat	Quinoa	Buckwheat	Quinoa
Soaking (S)	0	10.41 ± 0.56^AB	10.85 ± 0.50^A	0.40 ± 0.01^A	2.11 ± 0.23^B
	12	11.38 ± 0.78^A	3.60 ± 0.04^B	0.21 ± 0.01^B	2.63 ± 0.15^AB
	24	10.91 ± 0.02^AB	1.78 ± 0.84^C	0.40 ± 0.03^A	2.77 ± 0.53^A
	48	10.90 ± 0.80^AB	3.03 ± 1.11^BC	0.25 ± 0.01^B	2.77 ± 0.24^A
	72	9.39 ± 0.26^B	2.10 ± 0.04^BC	0.21 ± 0.00^B	2.58 ± 0.08^AB
Ultrasound (U)	0	10.41 ± 0.56^C	10.85 ± 0.50^A	0.40 ± 0.01^A	2.11 ± 0.23^B
	12	13.18 ± 0.12^A	8.54 ± 0.02^B	0.16 ± 0.02^C	1.79 ± 0.35^B
	24	12.22 ± 0.21^AB	1.63 ± 0.19^C	0.25 ± 0.02^BC	3.17 ± 0.46^A
	48	10.70 ± 1.13^BC	1.69 ± 0.62^C	0.29 ± 0.05^B	3.00 ± 0.28^A
	72	9.43 ± 0.88^C	1.57 ± 0.36^C	0.34 ± 0.02^AB	2.45 ± 0.30^AB
Thermo-Alkaline Hydrolysis (A)	0	10.41 ± 0.56^AB	10.85 ± 0.50^A	0.40 ± 0.01^A	2.11 ± 0.23^AB
	12	10.44 ± 0.58^AB	7.93 ± 0.31^C	0.08 ± 0.01^C	1.54 ± 0.05^C
	24	9.16 ± 0.14^B	9.00 ± 1.02^BC	0.18 ± 0.02^B	2.60 ± 0.39^A
	48	11.82 ± 0.19^A	9.96 ± 0.36^AB	0.16 ± 0.00^B	2.02 ± 0.12^BC
	72	10.63 ± 0.02^AB	9.78 ± 0.09^AB	0.07 ± 0.00^C	1.88 ± 0.26^BC

Data are means ± standard deviation. Data values with the same alphabetic superscript in a row do not vary significantly (p < 0.05). CE = Catechin equivalents.