. 2024 Feb 14;24:85. doi: 10.1186/s12906-024-04343-2

Table 5.

Effect of the hydrogel formulations (F1-F4) on serum levels of oxidative stress (GSH, MDA & NO), inflammatory (NF-Kβ & MPO) and amino acids of collagen markers in circular excision wound model (n = 10)

Intervals	Groups		Biochemical Parameters
			Oxidative stress			Inflammatory		Amino acids of collagen
			GSH (μmol/g tissue)	MDA (nmol/ g tissue)	NO (μmol/g tissue)	NF-Kβ (pg/ g tissue)	MPO (U/mg protein)	Gly (μg/ g tissue)	Pro (μg/ g tissue)	OH-Pro (μg/ g tissue)
7th day	G (1)	Normal control	2.45 ± 0.27^c	3.22 ± 0.47^a	35.79 ± 2.23^a	607 ± 30.2^a	0.48 ± 0.057^b	60.75 ± 4.78^c	20.47 ± 2.48^b	9.90 ± 0.61^c
	G (2)	Positive control	0.82 ± 0.14^e	7.68 ± 0.57^c	133.8 ± 15.5^c	1591 ± 84.2^c	5.74 ± 0.828^d	19.63 ± 1.50^d	8.08 ± 0.90^c	3.50 ± 0.36^d
	G (3)	Vehicle	1.01 ± 0.11^d	8.11 ± 0.91^a	112.2 ± 12.9^b	1639 ± 86^a	4.1 ± 0.391^b	24.28 ± 2.19^ef	8.29 ± 0.86^d	3.95 ± 0.44d^e
	G (4)	Panthenol gel	2.82 ± 0.07 ^c	2.84 ± 0.06 ^a	28.38 ± 0.44^a	612 ± 33.1^a	0.53 ± 0.01^a	62.55 ± 1.84^c	23.5 ± 0.63^b	10.94 ± 0.27^a
	G (5)	F1	2.97 ± 0.08^c	2.57 ± 0.05 ^ab	24.57 ± 0.72^b	530 ± 24 ^b	0.38 ± 0.01^b	66.93 ± 2.38^b	25.47 ± 0.37^a	11.21 ± 0.24^a
	G (6)	F2	2.84 ± 0.09 ^a	2.74 ± 0.07 ^b	26.35 ± 0.5 ^b	535 ± 26.2 ^b	0.46 ± 0.01^c	65.21 ± 2.06^a	25.17 ± 0.63^a	11 ± 0.21^a
	G (7)	F3	2.56 ± 0.08 ^d	2.82 ± 0.07 ^a	31.79 ± 0.69^a	576 ± 24.4 ^a	0.47 ± 0.01^b	61.05 ± 1.95^c	22.55 ± 0.58^b	10.15 ± 0.25^a
	G (8)	F4	3.25 ± 0.08 ^b	2.43 ± 0.07 ^b	24.54 ± 0.55^b	514 ± 24.3^ab	0.3 ± 0.01^c	70.28 ± 1.9^b	26.99 ± 0.68^a	11.28 ± 0.36^a
14th day	G (1)	Normal control	2.57 ± 0.24^c	2.67 ± 0.32^a	28.65 ± 2.54^a	578 ± 27.3^a	0.39 ± 0.055^a	67.28 ± 6.59^d	22.43 ± 3.12^d	10.7 ± 0.70^b
	G (2)	Positive control	0.91 ± 0.20^d	6.39 ± 0.51^c	103.6 ± 11.9^c	1363 ± 74.4^c	4.49 ± 0.879^c	21.18 ± 1.75^e	8.77 ± 1.51^e	3.82 ± 0.48^c
	G (3)	Vehicle	1.14 ± 0.18^d	6.74 ± 0.83^a	88.09 ± 6.49^b	1335 ± 72.2^a	3.23 ± 0.357^b	26.65 ± 2.73^de	9.01 ± 0.93^d	4.49 ± 0.38d^e
	G (4)	Panthenol gel	3.37 ± 0.12^b	2.47 ± 0.04^a	27.11 ± 0.68^a	558 ± 24.9^a	0.43 ± 0.01^a	73.87 ± 1.86^c	27.15 ± 0.8^c	13.31 ± 0.34^a
	G (5)	F1	3.76 ± 0.08^b	2.18 ± 0.08^b	22.63 ± 0.63^b	488 ± 24.4^b	0.33 ± 0.01^a	79.7 ± 2.09^b	31.63 ± 0.72^ab	13.49 ± .16^ab
	G (6)	F2	3.4 ± 0.09^a	2.28 ± 0.03^b	22.98 ± 0.57^b	491 ± 19.9^b	0.4 ± 0.01^b	76.22 ± 2.07^a	31.02 ± .51^ab	12.54 ± 0.26^a
	G (7)	F3	2.87 ± 0.04^c	2.52 ± 0.03^a	27.23 ± 0.54^a	518 ± 21.7^a	0.41 ± 0.01^a	76.17 ± 2.75^b	29.54 ± .64^bc	11.55 ± 0.32^b
	G (8)	F4	4.17 ± 0.1^b	2.15 ± 0.05^b	21.36 ± 0.56^b	424 ± 26.8^b	0.29 ± 0^b	81.72 ± 1.55^a	33.54 ± 0.3^a	13.99 ± 0.31^a

Values are expressed as mean ± S.E.M (standard error of means); values having different superscript letters (a-f) in the same column at the same interval differ significantly (P < 0.05). Normal control: Healthy group, Positive control: untreated group, Vehicle: gel base

GSH glutathione, MDA malondialdehyde, NO nitric oxide, NF-Kβ nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated β-cells, MPO myeloperoxidase, Gly glycine, Pro proline & OH-Pro hydroxyproline. F1: hydrogel containing petroleum ether fraction, F2: hydrogel containing chitosan loaded petroleum ether nanoparticles, F3: hydrogel containing ethyl acetate fraction, F4: hydrogel containing chitosan loaded ethyl acetate nanoparticles