Table 1.
The characteristics of study participants
| Characteristics a, b | All | Men without VRF | Men with one VRF | Men with two or more VRFs | P- value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N = 224 | N (%) = 77 (34.4) | N (%) = 103 (46.0) | N (%) = 44 (19.6) | ||
| Sociodemographic | |||||
| Age, mean (SD) | 71.8 (5.1) | 71.3 (4.5) | 72.0 (5.3) | 72.4 (5.9) | 0.50 |
| Education, n (%) | |||||
| Below primary school | 36 (16.1) | 11 (14.3) | 20 (19.4) | 5 (11.4) | 0.08 |
| Primary school | 106 (47.3) | 34 (44.2) | 48 (46.6) | 24 (54.5) | |
| Junior high school | 62 (27.7) | 19 (24.7) | 29 (28.2) | 14 (31.8) | |
| Senior high school and above | 20 (8.9) | 13 (16.9) | 6 (5.8) | 1 (2.3) | |
| BMI, mean (SD) | 24.5 (3.2) | 23.01 (2.4) | 24.7 (2.7) | 26.5 (4.3) | < 0.001 |
| WC, mean (SD) | 85.4 (8.8) | 82.0 (7.5) | 85.7 (8.0) | 90.5 (9.8) | < 0.001 |
| MMSE, mean (SD) | 26.6 (4.5) | 26.5 (5.2) | 26.6 (4.4) | 26.6 (3.8) | 0.99 |
| Depression, yes, n (%) | 18 (8.0) | 3 (3.9) | 6 (5.8) | 9 (20.5) | 0.003 |
| Lifestyle | |||||
| Smoking, yes, n (%) | 84 (37.5) | 33 (42.9) | 40 (38.8) | 11 (25.0) | 0.14 |
| Drinking, yes, n (%) | 38 (17.0) | 12 (15.6) | 18 (17.5) | 8 (18.2) | 0.92 |
| Physical activity, active, n (%) | 112 (50.0) | 36 (46.8) | 52 (50.5) | 24 (54.5) | 0.71 |
| VRFs | |||||
| Obesity, yes, n (%) | 27 (13.1) | - | 7 (7.6) | 20 (48.8) | < 0.001 |
| Hypertension, yes, n (%) | 123 (54.9) | - | 82 (79.6) | 41 (93.2) | < 0.001 |
| Diabetes, yes, n (%) | 23 (10.3) | - | 6 (5.8) | 17 (38.6) | < 0.001 |
| CHDs, yes, n (%) | 18 (8.0) | - | 7 (6.8) | 11 (25.0) | < 0.001 |
| Stroke, yes, n (%) | 11 (4.9) | - | 1 (1.0) | 10 (22.7) | < 0.001 |
| Hormone Variables | |||||
| Testosterone (ng/mL), mean (SD) | 5.6 (2.1) | 6.1 (2.1) | 5.5 (2.3) | 5.1 (1.8) | 0.039 |
| Estradiol (pg/mL), mean (SD) | 32.5 (11.6) | 33.0 (10.9) | 33.7 (11.7) | 30.9 (9.9) | 0.36 |
a. Continuous variables (age, BMI, WC, MMSE, estradiol, and testosterone) represented as mean (SD, Standard Deviation); other variables as numbers (percentages) per category
b. VRFs, vascular risk factors; BMI, body mass index (kg/m2); WC, waist circumference (cm); MMSE, The Mini-Mental State Examination; CHDs, coronary heart diseases