Table 1.
Characteristics of UK Studies Using the EQ-5D
| Reference | Design | Number of Participants | Health State(s) | Time Point(s) Reported | Setting (Date) | Inclusion | Exclusion | Applicability and Risk of Bias (RoB) a |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Agus et al. 33 (2016) | RCT | 345 | Stable angina, post– stable angina | Year 1 area under the curve, 12 mo | 2 Chest pain clinics in 1 Northern Irish Trust (not reported) | Symptoms of recent stable chest pain, no CVD or unstable angina | Heart/renal disease, body mass index >35, unable to use treadmill/receive imaging | Partially applicable (A1) Low RoB |
| Ali et al. 34 (2017) | Case series | 4,946 | Stroke | 3 mo | Registries and trials from 36 countries (not reported) | Complete modified Rankin scale and EQ-5D-3L at 3 mo | Acute registers with <100 records, not requiring standard diagnostic criteria | Partially applicable (A7) Potentially serious RoB (B6) |
| Alva et al. 35 (2014) | RCT | 352 | MI, post-MI, stroke, heart failure with comorbid diabetes | Single | GPs in catchment areas of 23 hospitals (1997–2007) | Diabetes, ages 25–65 y, fasting plasma glucose >6 mmol/L recorded twice | Contraindications, past chronic illness, alternative indication | Directly applicable Low RoB |
| Ankolekar et al. 36 (2014) | RCT | 1,572 | Stroke | Single | 18 countries from 7 global regions. including United Kingdom (not reported) | Stroke within 48 h, high blood pressure, limb weakness | Treatment unsuitable, complicating diseases | Partially applicable (A7) Low RoB |
| Babber et al. 37 (2020) | RCT | 42 | PAD | Single | Vascular clinic at a London hospital, 2014–2015 | Nondiabetic people with IC of the legs and no tissue loss | ABPI ≥0.90, unable to follow protocol, implanted device, leg injury | Partially applicable (A1,6) Potentially serious RoB (B3) |
| Briggs et al. 38 (2017) | RCT | 16,480 | MI, stroke, and heart failure with comorbid type 2 diabetes mellitus | Single | 788 sites worldwide, including in United Kingdom (not reported) | T2DM, glycated hemoglobin: 6.5%–12.0%, history/risk of CVD | Incretin-based therapy, renal disease, creatinine level >6.0 mg/dL | Partially applicable (A7) Low RoB |
| Ezeofor et al. 39 (2021) | RCT | 19 | PAD | 0 and 3 mo from randomization | 2 Hospitals in Greater Manchester, 2017–2019 | Revascularized critical limb ischemia, grade 0–2 wound | Vascular or skin diseases, deep vein thrombosis, current or upcoming treatment | Partially applicable (A7,6) Potentially serious RoB (B1) |
| Ford et al. 40 (2018) | RCT | 151 | Stable angina | 0 and 2 mo from referral | 2 cardiac centers covering West Scotland, 2016–2017 | Coronary angiography to investigate angina | Reason for angiography noncoronary, unable to give informed consent | Partially applicable (A6) Low RoB |
| Forster et al. 41 (2015) | Cluster RCT | 800 | Stroke, poststroke | 0, 6, and 12 mo | Cluster-randomized stroke care coordinators (not reported) | Stroke within 6 wk, awaiting care coordinator | Care home residence, requires palliative care | Directly applicable, potentially serious RoB (B6) |
| Gallagher et al. 42 (2019) | Cross-sectional | 152 | Heart failure | Single | 2 London cardiology clinics, May 2015–2017 | People with heart failure attending outpatient cardiology clinics | Not reported | Directly applicable Low RoB |
| Green et al. 43 (2018) | RCT | 30 | PAD | Single | Tertiary vascular surgical unit (not reported) | PAD, ABPI <0.9, unilateral calf claudication, best medical care | Warfarin therapy, cancer, had unilateral thigh IC or bilateral IC | Partially applicable (A1) Potentially serious RoB (B1) |
| Hurdus et al. 44 (2020) | RCT | 2,612 | MI, post-MI | 0, 6, and 12 mo | 48 NHS hospitals in England between (not reported) | Adults hospitalized with all types of acute MI | Terminal illness or other factors preventing follow-up | Directly applicable, Low RoB |
| Jenkinson et al. 45 (2013) | Validation | 151 | Stroke | Single | 19 diverse GPs, London and North West England (not reported) | Stroke survivors identified using Read codes | Severe illness or mental incapacity unrelated to stroke | Directly applicable, potentially serious RoB (B1) |
| Lewis et al. 46 (2014) | RCT | 2,382 | MI | 0 mo | 10 countries including United Kingdom (not reported) | Adults, acute MI occurring 12 h to 10 d, heart failure | Other life-threatening/heart diseases, contraindications | Partially applicable (A7) Potentially serious RoB (B3) |
| Logan et al. 47 (2014) | RCT | 568 | Poststroke | Single | GPs, outpatient and community care across GB, 2009–2011 | Adults who had experienced a stroke > 6 wk previously | Unable to follow protocol; completing therapy or rehabilitation | Partially applicable (A1) Low RoB |
| Luengo-Fernandez et al. 48 (2013) | Case series | 1,188 | Stroke, poststroke TIA, post-TIA, non-CV |
1, 6, 12, 24, and 60 mo | 9 Oxfordshire GPs, April 2002 – (not reported) | Suspected stroke or TIA | Temporary registration | Directly applicable Low RoB |
| McCreanor et al. 49 (2021) | RCT | 200 | Stable angina | 0 and 6 wk from randomization | 4 trusts and 1 cardiac center, South England, 2014–2017 | Age <85 y, angina or equivalent symptoms, suitable for PCI | ACS, hypertension, CABG, contraindications, life expectancy <2 y | Partially applicable (A6) Low RoB |
| Mejía et al. 50 (2014) | RCT | 260 | Heart failure | Single | GPs, acute and specialist care, 2 regions, 2006–2008 | Record of heart failure from hospital discharge or GP register | Cognitive disability, care home residency, life-threatening diseases | Directly applicable Low RoB |
| Monahan et al. 51 (2017) | Validation | 304 | Heart failure | 6 mo from recruitment | 28 GPs in central England, May 2011– August 2013 | Age >55 y, recent symptoms suggestive of heart failure | Previous ACS, alternative diagnosis, symptoms requiring management | Partially applicable (A1) Low RoB |
| Munyombwe et al. 52 (2020) | Case series | 9,332 | MI, post-MI | 0, 6, and 12 mo | 77 hospitals in England, November 2011–June 2015 | Adults hospitalized with MI | Terminal illness; “follow-up unsuitable” | Directly applicable Low RoB |
| Nam et al. 53 (2015) | RCT | 174 | MI | Single | Six UK hospitals (not reported) | Recent non-ST elevation MI, risk of coronary artery disease | Past cardiac condition/CABG, treatment unsuitable, life expectancy <1 y | Partially applicable (A1) Low RoB |
| Phan et al. 54 (2019) | Case series | 1,914 | Stroke, poststroke | 1 and 5 y | 4 incidence studies, Europe and Australasia, 1996–2013 | All people experience a first stroke | Not adhering to reporting standards for stroke incidence studies | Partially applicable (A7) Low RoB |
| Pockett et al. 55 (2018) | Case series | 1,350 | MI, UA, post-MI, post-UA | 1, 6, and 12 mo | 3 UK hospitals, January 2021–May 2021 | Adults discharged within 1 mo following admission for MI/UA | Recent revascularization; type 1 diabetes | Directly applicable Low RoB |
| Roffe et al. 56 (2018) | RCT | 2,668 | Stroke, poststroke | 0, 3, 6, and 12 mo | 136 UK hospitals with acute stroke wards (not reported) | Within 24 ho of admission and 48 h of stroke onset | Clear indications or contraindications, other life-threatening diseases | Directly applicable, potentially serious RoB (B6) |
| IST-3 Collaborative Group 57 (2013) | RCT | 1,179 | Poststroke | 18 mo from incidence | Multiple OECD countries including the United Kingdom, 2000–2011 | Treatment promising but unproven, feasible to start <6 h | Previous imaging, structural brain lesions reminiscent of stroke | Partially applicable (A7) Low RoB |
| Shawo et al. 58 (2020) | RCT | 573 | Stroke | Published area under the curve | Nineteen NHS study centers (not reported) | Adults receiving early supported discharge after stroke | Able to participate in rehabilitation focusing on activities of daily living | Partially applicable (A1,6) Potentially serious RoB (B5) |
| Squire et al. 59 (2017) | Cross-sectional | 191 | Post–heart failure | Single | Seven centers in England, January 2015–May 2015 | Adults diagnosed with chronic heart failure ≥12 mo previously | Unable to understand English, clinical trial participation or heart failure treatment | Partially applicable (A6) Low RoB |
| Walker et al. 60 (2021) | RCT | 1,202 | Stable angina, post–stable angina | 0, 6, 12, 24, 36 mo | 6 UK hospitals November 2012–March 2015 |
Age ≥30 y, suspected stable angina suitable for revascularization | Clinically unstable, previous ACS or revascularization | Directly applicable Low RoB |
| Wallace et al. 61 (2020) | RCT | 28 | Stroke | Single | Spasticity clinics, national neurologic center (not reported) | >1 mo since stroke, finger/wrist spasticity, potential benefit | Contraindications, upper-limb pain or disability, other neurologic impairment | Partially applicable (A1) Low RoB |
ABPI, ankle brachial pressure index; ACS, acute coronary syndromes; CABG, coronary artery bypass graft; CVD, cardiovascular disease; GP, general practice; IC, intermittent claudication; MI, myocardial infarction; NHS, National Health Service; OECD, Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development; PAD, peripheral arterial disease; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; RCT, randomized controlled trial; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; UA, unstable angina.
a
Partial applicability criteria, see Appendix 7: A1, potentially unrepresentative; A6, EQ-5D-5L; A7, international health state descriptions.
b
RoB criteria, see Appendix 7: B1, sample selection bias; B3, inappropriate handling of missing data; B5, mapping used; B6, partial proxy response.