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. 2023 Jul 28;31(1):209–222. doi: 10.3758/s13423-023-02333-y

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — Naïve listener ratings of vocal modulations from Experiment 1. (A) Mean changes in trait ratings from neutral voices (∆-ratings) evoked by social voice modulations. Planned contrasts show differences in trait ratings over all social vocal control conditions. (B) Biplot of principal components for neutral voice recordings. (C) Biplot of principal components for ∆-ratings of modulated voice recordings. *** p < .001, ** p < .01, * p < .05. Error bars are standard errors. Ellipses represent 95% confidence intervals around the group means of expressed traits