Fig. 2.

Pathophysiological mechanisms linking functional changes caused by specific AF-associated gene-variants to AF. Gain-of-function is indicated by red, Loss-of-function by blue. Green boxes are associated with AF-promotion by enhanced spontaneous ectopic activity, brown boxes are associated with AF-promotion by forming a vulnerable substrate for reentry. Open boxes represent final common proximal changes in key electrical properties, whereas filled boxes are underlying changes that lead to final common proximal changes. The upward and downward arrows indicate the direction of change in a specific property; the connecting arrows indicate a causal relationship.