Table 4.
Regression Model Outputs in PD: Cognitive Symptoms.
| Model | MoCA | Epworth sleepiness scale score | Letter Number Sequencing Score | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PD | PD-F | PD-M | PD-M* | PD | PD-F | PD-M | PD-M* | PD | PD-F | PD-M | PD-M* | ||
| R2 | 0.089 | 0.046 | 0.103 | 0.127 | 0.063 | 0.071 | 0.094 | 0.085 | 0.176 | 0.144 | 0.205 | 0.213 | |
| F (p-value†) | 5.081 (<0.001) | 1.183 (0.343) | 5.485 (<0.001) | 3.564 (0.008) | 3.484 (0.002) | 1.854 (0.129) | 4.952 (<0.001) | 2.288 (0.062) | 11.138 (<0.001) | 4.119 (0.003) | 12.306 (<0.001) | 6.646 (<0.001) | |
| Brain-PAD | b | -0.030 | -0.008 | -0.040 | -0.065 | 0.007 | -0.036 | 0.028 | 0.062 | -0.037 | -0.042 | -0.033 | -0.065 |
| t | -1.818 | -0.278 | -2.016 | -2.143 | 0.279 | -0.767 | 1.001 | 1.385 | -2.074 | -1.310 | -1.508 | -1.769 | |
| p | 0.070 | 0.782 | 0.045 | 0.034 | 0.780 | 0.444 | 0.318 | 0.168 | 0.039 | 0.193 | 0.133 | 0.079 | |
| Actual age | b | -0.046 | -0.026 | -0.058 | -0.005 | -0.005 | -0.035 | 0.013 | 0.007 | -0.100 | -0.065 | -0.114 | -0.115 |
| t | -3.787 | -1.232 | -3.830 | -0.258 | -0.262 | -1.054 | 0.595 | 0.247 | -7.516 | -2.853 | -6.880 | -4.647 | |
| p | <0.001 | 0.220 | <0.001 | 0.797 | 0.793 | 0.294 | 0.552 | 0.805 | <0.001 | 0.005 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| Duration | b | -0.017 | -0.005 | -0.027 | -0.103 | 0.045 | -0.029 | 0.105 | 0.120 | 0.039 | 0.027 | 0.047 | 0.044 |
| t | -0.922 | -0.176 | -1.123 | -2.901 | 1.668 | -0.671 | 3.090 | 2.315 | 1.978 | 0.936 | 1.781 | 1.046 | |
| p | 0.357 | 0.861 | 0.262 | 0.004 | 0.096 | 0.504 | 0.002 | 0.022 | 0.049 | 0.351 | 0.076 | 0.298 | |
| Education | b | 0.083 | 0.056 | 0.098 | 0.084 | 0.011 | 0.069 | -0.029 | -0.006 | 0.147 | 0.239 | 0.111 | 0.061 |
| t | 2.052 | 0.788 | 1.957 | 1.153 | 0.178 | 0.617 | -0.406 | -0.056 | 3.317 | 3.151 | 2.022 | 0.704 | |
| p | 0.041 | 0.432 | 0.052 | 0.251 | 0.859 | 0.539 | 0.685 | 0.956 | 0.001 | 0.002 | 0.044 | 0.482 | |
| Sex | b | 0.436 | - | - | - | -0.185 | - | - | - | 0.091 | - | - | - |
| t | 1.758 | - | - | - | -0.502 | - | - | - | 0.337 | - | - | - | |
| p | 0.080 | - | - | - | 0.616 | - | - | - | 0.736 | - | - | - | |
| UPDRS III | b | -0.017 | -0.027 | -0.009 | -0.020 | 0.056 | 0.068 | 0.046 | 0.028 | -0.009 | 0.005 | -0.012 | -0.023 |
| t | -1.853 | -1.713 | -0.825 | -1.256 | 4.163 | 2.757 | 2.851 | 1.242 | -0.916 | 0.321 | -0.936 | -1.243 | |
| p | 0.065 | 0.089 | 0.410 | 0.212 | <0.001 | 0.007 | 0.005 | 0.217 | 0.360 | 0.749 | 0.350 | 0.216 | |
| Model | Sleep Behavior Disorder Questionnaire Score (REM) | Benton Judgement of Line Orientation Score (BJLO) | HVLT Delayed Recall | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PD | PD-F | PD-M | PD-M* | PD | PD-F | PD-M | PD-M* | PD | PD-F | PD-M | PD-M* | ||
| R2 | 0.132 | 0.174 | 0.137 | 0.213 | 0.152 | 0.127 | 0.108 | 0.151 | 0.195 | 0.167 | 0.161 | 0.147 | |
| F (p-value†) | 7.721 (<0.001) | 4.948 (<0.001) | 7.555 (<0.001) | 6.607 (<0.001) | 9.331 (<0.001) | 3.553 (0.008) | 5.751 (<0.001) | 4.392 (0.002) | 12.582 (<0.001) | 4.989 (<0.001) | 9.058 (<0.001) | 4.254 (0.002) | |
| Brain-PAD | b | 0.057 | 0.027 | 0.072 | 0.119 | -0.034 | -0.041 | -0.030 | -0.061 | -0.002 | 0.007 | -0.006 | -0.016 |
| t | 3.097 | 0.884 | 3.153 | 3.536 | -2.365 | -1.570 | -1.764 | -2.175 | -0.107 | 0.247 | -0.298 | -0.490 | |
| p | 0.002 | 0.378 | 0.002 | 0.001 | 0.019 | 0.119 | 0.079 | 0.032 | 0.915 | 0.805 | 0.766 | 0.625 | |
| Actual age | b | -0.018 | -0.043 | -0.007 | -0.024 | -0.032 | -0.047 | -0.024 | -0.010 | -0.080 | -0.076 | -0.083 | -0.067 |
| t | -1.358 | -1.947 | -0.414 | -1.072 | -3.047 | -2.495 | -1.818 | -0.540 | -6.502 | -3.854 | -5.198 | -3.054 | |
| p | 0.175 | 0.054 | 0.679 | 0.286 | 0.002 | 0.014 | 0.070 | 0.590 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.003 | |
| Duration | b | -0.006 | -0.063 | 0.040 | 0.095 | -0.002 | -0.011 | 0.005 | <0.001 | 0.004 | 0.018 | -0.007 | -0.027 |
| t | -0.307 | -2.227 | 1.465 | 2.422 | -0.147 | -0.438 | 0.233 | 0.001 | 0.230 | 0.700 | -0.281 | -0.717 | |
| p | 0.759 | 0.028 | 0.144 | 0.017 | 0.883 | 0.662 | 0.816 | 0.999 | 0.818 | 0.485 | 0.779 | 0.474 | |
| Education | b | -0.017 | -0.045 | -0.015 | -0.020 | 0.170 | 0.166 | 0.171 | 0.188 | 0.200 | 0.165 | 0.218 | 0.245 |
| t | -0.378 | -0.610 | -0.260 | -0.254 | 4.839 | 2.635 | 3.967 | 2.822 | 4.880 | 2.505 | 4.127 | 3.176 | |
| p | 0.705 | 0.543 | 0.795 | 0.800 | <0.001 | 0.010 | <0.001 | 0.006 | <0.001 | 0.014 | <0.001 | 0.002 | |
| Sex | b | -0.242 | - | - | - | -0.994 | - | - | - | 1.003 | - | - | - |
| t | -0.873 | - | - | - | -4.602 | - | - | - | 3.993 | - | - | - | |
| p | 0.383 | - | - | - | <0.001 | - | - | - | <0.001 | - | - | - | |
| UPDRS-III | b | 0.060 | 0.060 | 0.056 | 0.056 | -0.017 | -0.012 | -0.021 | -0.040 | -0.009 | -0.015 | -0.007 | -0.004 |
| t | 5.953 | 3.715 | 4.319 | 3.225 | -2.119 | -0.833 | -2.174 | -2.795 | -1.021 | -1.001 | -0.543 | -0.231 | |
| p | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.002 | 0.035 | 0.407 | 0.031 | 0.006 | 0.308 | 0.319 | 0.587 | 0.818 | |
| Model | HVLT Delayed Recognition | olfactory testing | Symbol Digit Modalities Score | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PD | PD-F | PD-M | PD-M* | PD | PD-F | PD-M | PD-M* | PD | PD-F | PD-M | PD-M* | ||
| R2 | 0.134 | 0.118 | 0.134 | 0.19 | 0.147 | 0.117 | 0.123 | 0.127 | 0.301 | 0.225 | 0.311 | 0.333 | |
| F (p-value†) | 7.998 (<0.001) | 3.253 (0.013) | 7.365 (<0.001) | 5.769 (<0.001) | 8.959 (<0.001) | 3.228 (0.013) | 6.693 (<0.001) | 3.564 (0.008) | 22.377 (<0.001) | 7.093 (<0.001) | 21.526 (<0.001) | 12.298 (<0.001) | |
| Brain-PAD | b | 0.001 | -0.005 | 0.003 | -0.006 | -0.047 | 0.034 | -0.086 | 0.024 | -0.092 | -0.181 | -0.044 | -0.055 |
| t | 0.077 | -0.404 | 0.310 | -0.438 | -0.820 | 0.326 | -1.236 | 0.204 | -1.498 | -1.624 | -0.598 | -0.517 | |
| p | 0.939 | 0.687 | 0.757 | 0.662 | 0.413 | 0.745 | 0.218 | 0.839 | 0.135 | 0.107 | 0.550 | 0.606 | |
| Actual age | b | -0.029 | -0.021 | -0.034 | -0.023 | -0.266 | -0.279 | -0.253 | -0.279 | -0.398 | -0.396 | -0.386 | -0.340 |
| t | -5.233 | -2.370 | -4.657 | -2.562 | -6.285 | -3.713 | -4.829 | -3.543 | -8.823 | -4.948 | -6.947 | -4.729 | |
| p | <0.001 | 0.019 | <0.001 | 0.012 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| Duration | b | 0.008 | 0.023 | -0.005 | -0.012 | 0.057 | 0.078 | 0.041 | -0.038 | 0.002 | 0.020 | -0.015 | -0.086 |
| t | 0.924 | 2.059 | -0.426 | -0.785 | 0.905 | 0.802 | 0.493 | -0.282 | 0.036 | 0.192 | -0.164 | -0.700 | |
| p | 0.356 | 0.042 | 0.671 | 0.434 | 0.366 | 0.424 | 0.623 | 0.779 | 0.972 | 0.848 | 0.870 | 0.486 | |
| Education | b | 0.062 | 0.059 | 0.068 | 0.131 | 0.077 | 0.190 | 0.020 | -0.014 | 0.713 | 0.666 | 0.781 | 0.861 |
| t | 3.354 | 2.033 | 2.816 | 4.203 | 0.548 | 0.760 | 0.116 | -0.050 | 4.751 | 2.502 | 4.259 | 3.420 | |
| p | 0.001 | 0.044 | 0.005 | <0.001 | 0.584 | 0.449 | 0.907 | 0.960 | <0.001 | 0.014 | <0.001 | 0.001 | |
| Sex | b | 0.256 | - | - | - | 2.392 | - | - | - | 3.159 | - | - | - |
| t | 2.251 | - | - | - | 2.770 | - | - | - | 3.434 | - | - | - | |
| p | 0.025 | - | - | - | 0.006 | - | - | - | 0.001 | - | - | - | |
| UPDRS-III | b | -0.010 | -0.010 | -0.009 | -0.010 | -0.055 | -0.047 | -0.057 | -0.062 | -0.145 | -0.059 | -0.194 | -0.208 |
| t | -2.364 | -1.551 | -1.610 | -1.537 | -1.736 | -0.845 | -1.444 | -1.039 | -4.308 | -1.000 | -4.629 | -3.820 | |
| p | 0.019 | 0.124 | 0.109 | 0.127 | 0.083 | 0.400 | 0.150 | 0.301 | <0.001 | 0.319 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
PD Parkinson’s disease, F females, M males, M* matched males, MoCA Montreal Cognitive Assessment, REM Sleep Behavior Disorder Questionnaire Score, BJLO Benton Judgment of Line Orientation Score, HVLT Hopkins Verbal Learning Test. Significant results are highlighted in bold. † The p-values of the F-statistics were adjusted for multiple comparisons using the FDR technique.