Table 9.
Clusters of negative gray matter and white matter alterations with Brain-PAD in Parkinson’s disease (N = 373).
| Analysis | Cluster | Region | BA | Cluster size (ml) | P# (FWE) | Hemisphere | MNI coordinats (x, y, z) | T value (peak voxel) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GM | 1 | Frontal Lobe/Temporal Lobe/Parietal Lobe/Limbic Lobe | 40/32/13/31/10/22/21/ | 338.98 | <0.001 |
L L |
−2, 27, 30 −4, −64, 15 |
9.39 8.87 |
| 2 | Frontal Lobe/Middle Frontal Gyrus/Superior Frontal Gyrus | 10/9/46/8 | 19.99 | <0.001 |
R R |
40,40, 32 48,40,14 |
8.00 7.54 |
|
| 3 | Frontal Lobe/Superior Frontal Gyrus | 11 | 0.59 | <0.001 | L | −28, 45, −21 | 5.86 | |
| 4 | Frontal Lobe/Inferior Frontal Gyrus/Superior Frontal Gyrus | 11 | 2.44 | <0.001 |
R R |
26, 36, −22 27, 46, −22 |
5.81 5.73 |
|
| 5 | Occipital Lobe/Parietal Lobe/Precuneus | 19 | 1.42 | <0.001 |
R R |
32, −82, 38 34, −90, 24 |
5.79 5.62 |
|
| 6 | Frontal Lobe/Middle Frontal Gyrus | 10 | 1.33 | <0.001 |
L L |
−50, 48, 0 −46, 54, −6 |
5.71 5.70 |
|
| WM | 1 | Sub-lobar/Midbrain/Lentiform Nucleus | – | 4.81 | <0.001 | L | −16, −9, −2 | 6.24 |
| 2 | Cerebellum/Medulla/Left Brainstem | – | 1.85 | <0.001 |
L R |
−9, −40, −60 9, −40, −60 |
5.61 4.80 |
|
| 3 | Cerebrum/Sub-lobar/Lentiform Nucleus | – | 1.23 | 0.002 | R | 20, −10, 6 | 5.20 | |
| 4 | Frontal Lobe/Middle Frontal Gyrus | 47 | 0.61 | 0.004 | R | 20, 33, −14 | 4.98 | |
| 5 | Cerebrum/Frontal Lobe/ Anterior Cingulate/Limbic Lobe | – | 0.70 | 0.008 | L | −16, 30, 21 | 4.84 | |
| 6 | Rectus/Medial Frontal Gyrus | 47 | 0.37 | 0.014 | L | −12, 28, −15 | 4.70 |
BA Brodmann area, R right hemisphere, L left hemisphere, GM gray matter, WM white matter, PD Parkinson’s disease, MNI Montreal Neurological Institute, FWE family-wise error false discovery rate, # the p-value reported at peak-level based on FWE corrections.