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HPE stimulates MCP-1 production by human monocytes. Human monocytes were exposed to various concentrations of HPE, and MCP-1 levels were measured by ELISA in conditioned media harvested after 18 h. In this representative experiment, n ≥ 3 for each dose. Results are expressed as means ± SE. The MCP-1 levels were 8 ± 1 pg/ml in control monocytes and 75 ± 13 pg/ml in monocytes exposed to 0.1 ng of S. minnesota lipid A per ml. ∗, P < 0.01 versus control monocytes.
