Table 4.

RCTs of risk factor modification to reduce AF recurrence and burden.

Study	Cohort	Cohort size	Intervention/duration	Outcome
Abed et al.102 2013	Symptomatic paroxysmal or persistent AF	N = 150	Weight loss, intensive blood pressure reduction, prescribed exercise regime, OSA therapy with CPAP, alcohol abstinence or reduction, T2DM control, smoking cessation/15 months	Reduction in AF episodes and symptoms
RACE 3101 2018	Persistent AF and HF	N = 245	Weight loss, intensive blood pressure reduction, prescribed exercise regime/12 months	Reduction in AF recurrence and burden
SORT-AF103 2021	Paroxysmal or persistent AF undergoing AF ablation	N = 133	Weight loss, prescribed exercise regime/12 months	No difference in AF recurrence
Voskoboinik et al.104 2021	Symptomatic paroxysmal or persistent AF	N = 140	Alcohol abstinence or reduction/6 months	Reduction in AF recurrence
SMAC-AF105 2017	BP > 130/180 mmHg undergoing AF ablation	N = 184	Intense blood pressure reduction	No difference in AF recurrence
Malmo et al.106 2016	Symptomatic paroxysmal or persistent AF	N = 51	Prescribed exercise regime/3 months	Reduction in AF burden and symptoms
Caples et al.107 2019	Persistent AF and AHI > 5	N = 25	OSA therapy with CPAP/12 months	No difference in AF recurrence
Traaen et al.108 2021	Paroxysmal AF and AHI > 15	N = 109	OSA therapy with CPAP/5 months	No difference in AF burden
Hunt et al.109 2022	Paroxysmal AF and AHI > 15	N = 83	OSA therapy with CPAP/12 months	No difference in AF recurrence

AF, Atrial fibrillation; OSA, Obstructive sleep apnoea; CPAP, Continuous positive airway pressure; T2DM, Type 2 Diabetes mellitus; HF, Heart failure; AHI, Apnoea—hypopnoea Index.