Table 3.
Effect size estimates for between group changes in outcome measures at 12- and 24-week follow-up.
| Measure | 12-week follow-up Effect size (95% CI)a,b |
24-week follow-up Effect size (95% CI)a,b |
|---|---|---|
| Clinical | ||
| BDI | 0.16 (−0.37, 0.68) | 0.17 (−0.34, 0.69) |
| CD-RISC-25 | −0.16 (−0.69, 0.36) | 0.05 (−0.47, 0.57) |
| CVRF | −0.28 (−0.80, 0.25) | — |
| HAM-A | 0.28 (−0.24, 0.79) | −0.23 (−0.73, 0.28) |
| MFQ | ||
| 1-Frequency of Forgetting | −0.49 (−1.03, 0.05) | −0.28 (−0.80, 0.25) |
| 2-Seriousness of Forgetting | −0.28 (−0.82, 0.25) | −0.73 (−1.26, −0.19) |
| PSS | 0.09 (−0.45, 0.62) | 0.05 (−0.47, 0.57) |
| SF-36 | ||
| Physical functioning | −0.11 (−0.64, 0.43) | −0.09 (−0.61, 0.44) |
| Role limitations (physical) | −0.05 (−0.58, 0.49) | −0.47 (−1.00, 0.06) |
| Role limitations (emotional) | −0.29 (−0.83, 0.25) | −0.47 (−1.00, 0.07) |
| Energy/vitality | 0.12 (−0.41, 0.65) | −0.17 (−0.70, 0.36) |
| Emotional well-being | 0.23 (−0.30, 0.77) | 0.25 (−0.28, 0.78) |
| Social functioning | 0.16 (−0.37, 0.69) | 0.33 (−0.20, 0.86) |
| Bodily pain | 0.13 (−0.41, 0.66) | 0.12 (−0.40, 0.65) |
| General health perception | 0.15 (−0.38, 0.69) | 0.17 (−0.36, 0.70) |
| Cognitive Domains | ||
| Delayed recall | — | 0.69 (0.17, 1.21) |
| Executive functioning | — | 0.01 (−0.49, 0.52) |
aEffect sizes are Cohen’s d estimates. For BDI, CVRF, HAM-A, and PSS, where a higher score represents worse symptoms, a positive value indicates a better treatment effect of KY versus MET. For CD-RISC, SF-36, MFQ, and the cognitive domains, where a higher score represents better resilience/performance, a negative value indicates a better treatment effect of KY versus MET.
bCohen’s relative sizes: d = 0–0.19 (trivial); d = 0.2–0.49 (small); d = 0.5–0.79 (medium); d = 0.8+ (large).
KY Kundalini Yoga & Kirtan Kriya + Meditation, MET Memory Enhancement Training, BMI Body mass index, CVRF Cardiovascular risk factors, HAM-A Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale, MMSE Mini Mental State Examination, MFQ Memory Functioning Questionnaire, CD-RISC-25 Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, PSS Perceived Stress Scale, SF-36 36-Item Short Form Survey, BDI Beck Depression Inventory, CI Confidence Interval.