TABLE 1.

Summary of the characteristics of the studies included in this review.

Study	Location	Design	Population	Outcomes reported	Findings
Cheung et al. (2023) 22	Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong	Retrospective cohort study	Women with a subsequent pregnancy after a second trimester loss (n = 64).	Live birth, term delivery, preterm birth and second trimester miscarriage in subsequent pregnancy.	The risk of second trimester loss in subsequent pregnancy is increased for women having a loss due to rupture of membranes or an inevitable miscarriage, compared to women having a silent miscarriage.
Edlow et al. (2007) 23	University Hospital of Pennsylvania, USA	Retrospective case–control study	Comparison between three groups – (1) women with a history of second trimester loss (n = 38), (2) women with a history of spontaneous preterm birth (n = 76), (3) women with a history of full‐term birth (n = 76).	Second trimester loss and spontaneous preterm birth in subsequent pregnancies.	Women with a previous second trimester loss are more at risk of preterm birth or second trimester loss in subsequent pregnancy.
Goldenberg et al. (1993) 24	Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA	Retrospective case–control study	Comparison between three groups – (1) women with a previous second trimester loss (n = 95), (2) women who had a previous delivery at 25–36 weeks (n = 515), (3) women who had a previous term delivery (n = 2781).	Preterm birth (delivery before 37 weeks and before 34 weeks given separately), neonatal death and stillbirth.	Women with a previous second trimester loss are at a higher risk of preterm birth, neonatal death and stillbirth in subsequent pregnancy. The strongest association with adverse outcomes in subsequent pregnancy is index loss between 19–22 weeks.
Joubert et al. (2022) 25	Academic center in Paris, France	Retrospective cohort study	n = 78 women having subsequent pregnancies after a second trimester loss.	Term delivery, recurrent second trimester miscarriage and preterm birth in the subsequent pregnancy.	64.1% of subsequent pregnancies ended in term delivery, 21.8% resulted in recurrent second trimester loss and 14.1% in preterm birth.
Linehan et al. (2019) 26	Tertiary referral center in University College Cork, Ireland	Prospective cohort study	n = 110 women with a second trimester miscarriage, having a subsequent pregnancy.	Term birth, first and second trimester miscarriage, preterm birth, neonatal death and cesarean section in subsequent pregnancy.	Women with a previous second trimester loss have a higher risk of preterm birth and recurrent second trimester loss.
Puyenbroek & Stolte (1983) 27	Free University Hospital of Amsterdam	Case control study	n = 28 women having a second trimester miscarriage, compared to a control group of n = 56.	Preterm birth.	There is a correlation between spontaneous abortion and second trimester loss in subsequent pregnancy.
Roberts et al. (2016) 28	New South Wales, Australia	Retrospective cohort study	n = 4290 women having subsequent pregnancies immediately after a second trimester loss.	Preterm birth and miscarriage in subsequent pregnancy.	No clear statement of outcomes in subsequent pregnancy.
Sneider et al. (2016) 29	Denmark	Prospective cohort study	n = 6194 women who had a previous first second trimester miscarriage, followed by miscarriage or delivery >16 weeks in their subsequent pregnancy.	Recurrence rate of second trimester loss or preterm birth in subsequent pregnancy.	Recurrence rate of second trimester loss varies depending on the cause, with cervical insufficiency having the highest recurrence rate.
Yang et al. (2023) 30	Center for Reproductive Medicine of Shandong University, China	Case–control study	n = 1072 women with a previous second trimester loss after a first treatment cycle of IVF, having a subsequent pregnancy. Control group of n = 4219 women having an IVF, followed by subsequent pregnancy.	Live birth, first trimester (“early”) miscarriage, second trimester (“late”) miscarriage and preterm birth.	Women having a first cycle of IVF with an unexplained second trimester loss, or second trimester loss due to cervical causes, had an increased risk of miscarriage and lower rates of live births in subsequent pregnancy.
Yusuf et al. (2023) 31	Perinatal History Clinic, London, UK	Retrospective cohort study	n = 35 women with a previous second trimester loss and a subsequent pregnancy.	Live birth and adverse outcomes in subsequent pregnancy. Adverse outcomes include pre‐eclampsia, preterm birth, stillbirth, fetal growth restriction.	4/5 women had a healthy subsequent pregnancy after a second trimester loss.