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. 2023 Nov 20;4(1):20230056. doi: 10.1002/EXP.20230056

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© 2023 The Authors. Exploration published by Henan University and John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd.

This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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In situ/operando combined wide‐angle X‐ray scattering/small‐angle X‐ray scattering technique was used to investigate the nanoscale structural evolution of battery materials. (A) The test cell structure of Li–air battery for operando measurement. Reproduced with permission.^[ ¹²⁵ ^] Copyright 2022, American Chemical Society. (B) Sketch map of operando combined WAXS/SAXS measurements. (C) The relative SAXS and WAXS intensities change under specific currents versus time. Reproduced with permission.^[ ¹²⁶ ^] Copyright 2022, Springer. (D) The WAXS variations of the graphite lithiation stages (left), and the SAXS variations during charge from 2.8 to 4.3 V (right). Reproduced with permission.^[ ¹²⁷ ^] Copyright 2019, American Chemical Society. (E) Operando WAXS/SAXS technique was used to investigate the behavior of anion intercalation and reversibility in graphite. Reproduced with permission.^[ ¹²⁸ ^] Copyright 2023, Wiley.