TABLE 2.

Review of physiological functions of P. granatum L.

Plant part	Bioactive compound	Physiological function	Details	References
Peel extracts	Punicalagin, punicalin, strictinin A, granatin B	Anti‐inflammatory	Pomegranate fractions substantially decreased carrageenan‐induced mice paw edema for 1, 3, and 4 h. They may also have prevented RAW 264.7 macrophages exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from releasing nitric oxide (NO)	Lee et al. (2010)
Peel extracts	Ellagitannins	Antioxidant	As an antioxidant substance, urolithin can lessen the renal oxidative injury brought on by cisplatin in kidney of mice. The levels of lipid peroxidation, oxidative biomarkers, TBARS, and Ox‐LDL associated with cardiovascular risk are decreased by pomegranate peel extracts in healthy ones	Jing et al. (2019)
Peel extracts	Phenolic and flavonoids compounds	Antihyperlipidemic, antihyperglycemic, and antioxidant properties	Due to their antioxidant components, peel extracts demonstrated antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic properties. Moreover, the peel extracts improved the liver and kidney functions of diabetic and hyperlipidemic rats as compared to standard medications	El‐Hadary and Ramadan (2019)
Aril and peel extracts	Vitamin C	Antimicrobial (E. coli, S. aureus, and P. aeruginosa)	Fruit extracts had more antimicrobial activity than P. aeruginosa in comparison to S. aureus, whereas E. coli was resistant	Opara et al. (2008)
Pomegranate peels	Polyphenols, dietary fiber	Cardiovascular protection	Pomegranate peels include polyphenols and dietary fiber that lower total cholesterol, LDL, triglycerides, and lipid peroxidation levels, preventing cardiovascular disease	Hossin (2009)
Pomegranate peel extracts	Punicalagin, ellagic acid, ellagitannins	Anticancer	Pomegranate peel extracts have the ability to activate pro‐survival signal pathways and inhibit cell proliferation as well as the expression of angiogenic markers	Khan et al. (2009)
Pomegranate peel extracts	Ellagic acid, urolithins	Neuroprotection	Alzheimer's disease may be prevented or treated using elagic acid and its metabolite urolithin	Essa et al. (2015)