TABLE 1.
Baseline characteristics and dietary intake based on adherence to DAQS, DAI, and DPI.
| Variables | DAQS | DAI | DPI | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low ≤ 4 | High > 4 | p‐Value a | Low ≤ −1.08 | High > −1.08 | p‐Value a | Low ≤ 714.24 | High > 714.24 | p‐Value a | |
| Gender, male, n (%) b | 96 (52.2) | 188 (69.9) | >.001 | 104 (46.0) | 180 (79.3) | >.001 | 116 (51.3) | 168 (74.0) | >.001 |
| Age, year | 57.67 ± 9.26 | 56.29 ± 9.42 | .12 | 57.37 ± 9.37 | 56.34 ± 9.36 | .24 | 56.74 ± 9.52 | 56.96 ± 9.24 | .80 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 27.72 ± 4.57 | 27.21 ± 3.85 | .21 | 27.96 ± 4.50 | 26.88 ± 3.71 | .006 | 27.78 ± 4.37 | 27.06 ± 3.91 | .06 |
| Physical activity, n (%) b | |||||||||
| Sedentary | 71 (38.6) | 81 (30.7) | .21 | 88 (39.3) | 64 (28.6) | .05 | 92 (41.3) | 60 (26.7) | .004 |
| Moderate | 57 (31) | 90 (34.1) | 68 (30.4) | 79 (35.3) | 62 (27.8) | 85 (37.8) | |||
| Active | 56 (30.4) | 93 (35.2) | 68 (30.4) | 81 (36.2) | 69 (30.9) | 80 (35.6) | |||
| Smoking status, n (%) b | |||||||||
| Nonsmoker | 138 (75.0) | 156 (58.0) | >.001 | 179 (79.2) | 115 (50.7) | >.001 | 160 (70.8) | 134 (59.0) | .01 |
| Former smoker | 8 (4.3) | 9 (3.3) | 8 (3.5) | 9 (4.0) | 10 (4.4) | 7 (3.1) | |||
| Current smoker | 38 (20.7) | 104 (38.7) | 39 (17.3) | 103 (45.4) | 56 (24.8) | 86 (37.9) | |||
| Medicine consumption, yes n (%) b | |||||||||
| Statins | 67 (36.4) | 96 (35.7) | .87 | 91 (40.3) | 72 (31.7) | .05 | 85 (37.6) | 78 (34.4) | .47 |
| Antidiabetic b | 53 (28.8) | 94 (34.9) | .17 | 78 (34.5) | 69 (30.4) | .34 | 74 (32.7) | 73 (32.2) | .89 |
| Nutrient intake a | |||||||||
| Total energy (kcal/day) | 1853.21 ± 647.12 | 3275.65 ± 1168.82 | >.001 | 1826.94 ± 462.50 | 3564.98 ± 1100.30 | >.001 | 2022.75 ± 797.17 | 3370.04 ± 1181.13 | >.001 |
| Carbohydrates, g/day | 285.22 ± 105.89 | 497.79 ± 190.51 | >.001 | 279.40 ± 78.23 | 542.92 ± 181.86 | >.001 | 297.73 ± 118.08 | 524.67 ± 185.14 | >.001 |
| Proteins, g/day | 68.59 ± 28.08 | 124.37 ± 53.77 | >.001 | 66.47 ± 20.52 | 136.81 ± 51.70 | >.001 | 76.16 ± 35.41 | 127.16 ± 54.95 | >.001 |
| Fats, g/day | 51.77 ± 25.80 | 93.60 ± 43.61 | >.001 | 51.86 ± 22.68 | 101.24 ± 43.67 | >.001 | 59.69 ± 30.95 | 93.45 ± 46.00 | >.001 |
| MUFA, g/day | 15.84 ± 7.77 | 28.12 ± 12.88 | >.001 | 15.78 ± 6.45 | 30.45 ± 13.02 | >.001 | 18.67 ± 10.33 | 27.57 ± 13.14 | >.001 |
| PUFA, g/day | 12.37 ± 9.16 | 22.79 ± 13.22 | >.001 | 11.77 ± 5.99 | 25.32 ± 14.14 | >.001 | 13.90 ± 8.29 | 23.19 ± 14.69 | >.001 |
| SFA, g/day | 15.68 ± 8.27 | 27.99 ± 15.04 | >.001 | 16.23 ± 9.13 | 29.72 ± 14.93 | >.001 | 18.43 ± 11.17 | 27.53 ± 15.20 | >.001 |
| Vitamin C (mg) a | 138.11 ± 70.77 | 330.37 ± 192.65 | >.001 | 148.27 ± 74.11 | 355.82 ± 197.18 | >.001 | 148.43 ± 74.13 | 355.66 ± 197.35 | >.001 |
| Vitamin E (mg) a | 11.25 ± 7.60 | 22.19 ± 12.21 | >.001 | 10.83 ± 4.49 | 24.63 ± 12.88 | >.001 | 12.92 ± 8.88 | 22.55 ± 12.50 | >.001 |
| Vitamin A (mg) a | 462.50 ± 186.45 | 1077.95 ± 657.19 | >.001 | 515.35 ± 204.37 | 1139.21 ± 697.73 | >.001 | 562.99 ± 278.16 | 1091.78 ± 711.54 | >.001 |
| Zinc (mg) a | 10.07 ± 4.29 | 18.19 ± 7.87 | >.001 | 9.57 ± 2.82 | 20.19 ± 7.47 | >.001 | 10.73 ± 4.45 | 19.04 ± 8.12 | >.001 |
| Selenium (μg) a | 67.40 ± 28.70 | 121.10 ± 66.38 | >.001 | 64.23 ± 18.56 | 134.19 ± 67.01 | >.001 | 78.35 ± 48.28 | 120.13 ± 63.96 | >.001 |
| Manganese (mg) a | 5.67 ± 2.54 | 8.54 ± 3.74 | >.001 | 5.38 ± 1.80 | 9.36 ± 3.83 | >.001 | 5.84 ± 2.91 | 8.90 ± 3.57 | >.001 |
Note: The degrees of adherence to DAQS and DAI are categorized into two categories, “high” adherence and “low” adherence, based on the median intake.
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; DAI, dietary antioxidant index; DAQS, dietary antioxidant quality score; MUFA, monounsaturated fatty acid; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acid; SFA, saturated fatty acid.
a
Data presented as Mean ± SD.
b
Obtained from Chi‐squared test and independent t‐test for categorical and continuous variables, respectively.