Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of included participants.
| Characteristics | Total (n=329,415) | Low Lp(a)a,b (n=258,388) | High Lp(a) (n=71,027) | P value | |||||
| Male sex, n (%) | 154,298 (46.84) | 120,890 (46.79) | 33,408 (47.04) | .20 | |||||
| Age (years), mean (SD) | 56.3 (8.09) | 56.3 (8.09) | 56.1 (8.13) | <.001 | |||||
| BMI (kg/m2), mean (SD) | 27.3 (4.66) | 27.3 (4.65) | 27.4 (4.71) | <.001 | |||||
| Townsend Deprivation Index , mean (SD) | –1.35 (3.07) | –1.37 (3.05) | –1.29 (3.12) | <.001 | |||||
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Median (Q1 to Q3) | –2.18 (–3.67 to 0.46) | –2.19 (–3.67 to 0.42) | –2.14 (–3.65 to 0.55) |
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| College degree or higher, n (%) | 108,671 (32.99) | 85,368 (33.04) | 23,303 (32.81) | .25 | |||||
| Urban area, n (%) | 280,042 (85.01) | 219,554 (84.97) | 60,488 (85.16) | .08 | |||||
| Ethnicity, n (%) |
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<.001 | |||||
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White | 309,923 (94.08) | 244,101 (94.47) | 65,822 (92.67) |
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Mixed | 2016 (0.61) | 1574 (0.61) | 442 (0.62) |
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Asian | 6536 (1.98) | 5212 (2.02) | 1324 (1.86) |
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Black | 5315 (1.61) | 3038 (1.18) | 2277 (3.21) |
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Chinese | 1112 (0.34) | 985 (0.38) | 127 (0.18) |
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Others | 3027 (0.92) | 2326 (0.90) | 701 (0.99) |
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| Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity ( metabolic equivalent of task , minutes/week), n (%) |
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.48 | |||||
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0 | 35,993 (10.93) | 28,260 (10.94) | 7733 (10.89) |
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1-599 | 68,698 (20.85) | 53,928 (20.87) | 14,770 (20.79) |
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600-1199 | 45,633 (13.85) | 35,869 (13.88) | 9764 (13.75) |
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≥1200 | 117,130 (35.56) | 91,704 (35.49) | 25,426 (35.80) |
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| Smoking status, n (%) |
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|
.06 | |||||
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Never | 181,057 (54.96) | 141,843 (54.90) | 39,214 (55.21) |
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Previous | 112,575 (34.17) | 88,571 (34.28) | 24,004 (33.80) |
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Current | 34,217 (10.39) | 26,773 (10.36) | 7444 (10.48) |
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| Drinking status, n (%) |
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|
.02 | |||||
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Never | 14,099 (4.28) | 10,924 (4.23) | 3175 (4.47) |
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Previous | 11,196 (3.40) | 8776 (3.40) | 2420 (3.41) |
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Current | 303,380 (92.10) | 238,125 (92.16) | 65,255 (91.87) |
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| Coffee intake, n (%) | 256,104 (77.75) | 201,200 (77.87) | 54,904 (77.30) | .001 | |||||
| Vitamin supplement, n (%) | 103,367 (31.38) | 80,797 (31.27) | 22,570 (31.78) | .009 | |||||
| Mineral supplement, n (%) | 140,300 (42.59) | 110,173 (42.64) | 30,127 (42.42) | .28 | |||||
| Sleep pattern, n (%) |
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|||||
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Poor | 6302 (1.91) | 4926 (1.91) | 1376 (1.94) | .84 | ||||
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Intermediate | 106,559 (32.35) | 83,610 (32.36) | 22,949 (32.31) |
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Healthy | 159,283 (48.35) | 124,911 (48.34) | 34,372 (48.39) |
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| Cancer, n (%) | 36,744 (11.15) | 29,065 (11.25) | 7679 (10.81) | .001 | |||||
| Cardiovascular disease, n (%) | 41,465 (12.59) | 32,133 (12.44) | 9535 (13.42) | <.001 | |||||
| Depression, n (%) | 15,254 (4.63) | 4282 (1.66) | 19,536 (27.51) | .32 | |||||
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 25,129 (7.63) | 19,721 (7.63) | 5408 (7.61) | .97 | |||||
| Course of diabetes, mean (SD) | 9.69 (13.2) | 9.74 (13.2) | 9.49 (13.0) | .37 | |||||
| Hypertension, n (%) | 87,697 (26.62) | 68,541 (26.53) | 19,156 (26.97) | .06 | |||||
| High cholesterol, n (%) | 8562 (2.60) | 6417 (2.48) | 2145 (3.02) | <.001 | |||||
| Family history of kidney disorders, n (%) | 7 (0.00) | 5 (0.00) | 2 (0.00) | >.99 | |||||
| Use of antidiabetic drugs, n (%) | 2789 (0.85) | 2217 (0.86) | 572 (0.81) | .28 | |||||
| Use of antihypertensive drugs, n (%) | 61,759 (18.75) | 48,152 (18.64) | 13,607 (19.16) | .01 | |||||
| Use of cholesterol-lowing drugs, n (%) | 50,655 (15.38) | 38,970 (15.08) | 11,685 (16.45) | <.001 | |||||
| Use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin receptor blocker, n (%) | 46 (0.01) | 37 (0.01) | 9 (0.01) | .88 | |||||
| High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (mmol/L), mean (SD) | 1.44 (0.38) | 1.44 (0.38) | 1.45 (0.38) | <.001 | |||||
| Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (mmol/L), mean (SD) | 3.57 (0.86) | 3.55 (0.85) | 3.63 (0.86) | <.001 | |||||
| Triglycerides (mmol/L), mean (SD) | 1.74 (1.01) | 1.75 (1.02) | 1.68 (0.98) | <.001 | |||||
| C-reactive protein (mg/L), mean (SD) | 2.51 (4.18) | 2.51 (4.19) | 2.50 (4.14) | .57 | |||||
| Direct glucose (mmol/L), mean (SD) | 5.08 (1.12) | 5.08 (1.12) | 5.08 (1.13) | .53 | |||||
| Glycated hemoglobin (mmol/mol), mean (SD) | 35.80 (6.15) | 35.8 (6.16) | 35.9 (6.13) | .02 | |||||
| Urate (μmol/L), mean (SD) | 308 (77.90) | 308 (78.01) | 308 (77.79) | .77 | |||||
| Estimated glomerular filtration rate (mL/min/1.73 m2), mean (SD) | 91.7 (12.01) | 91.6 (12.08) | 91.7 (12.20) | .35 | |||||
| Urine albumin-creatinine ratio (mg/g), mean (SD) | 10.90 (6.30) | 10.9 (6.31) | 10.8 (6.26) | <.001 | |||||
aLp(a): lipoprotein a.
bBaseline Lp(a) was categorized into low (< 75 nmol/L) and high (≥ 75 nmol/L) groups.