Table 2.
Logistic regression analysis to assess the relationship between demographic, clinical characteristics and the need to start oxygen therapy (n = 1145)
| Variables | Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | p-value | OR (95% CI) | p-value | |
| Males | 1.12 (0.86–1.44) | 0.404 | – | – |
| Age groups ≥ 60 yearsa | 2.49 (1.73–3.58) | < 0.0001 | 2.86 (1.52–5.37) | 0.001 |
| Comorbidity | ||||
| Weight, kg | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | 0.298 | – | – |
| BMI > 30 kg/m2 | 1.28 (0.96–1.73) | 0.098 | – | – |
| Chronic renal failure, yes | 1.14 (0.82–1.61) | 0.437 | – | – |
| Dialysis, yes | 1.46 (0.63–3.36) | 0.378 | – | – |
| Immunodeficit, yes | 1.24 (0.87–1.78) | 0.240 | – | – |
| Transplant recipients, yes | 1.70 (0.64–4.50) | 0.286 | – | – |
| Rheumatological disease, yes | 1.16 (0.67–2.00) | 0.605 | – | – |
| Decompensated diabetes, yesa | 1.81 (1.31–2.52) | < 0.001 | 1.40 (0.84–2.32) | 0.198 |
| Diabetes, yes | 1.16 (0.86–1.57) | 0.343 | – | – |
| Chronic liver disease, yes | 1.41 (0.84–23.36) | 0.199 | – | – |
| COPD, yesa | 1.66 (1.22–2.26) | 0.001 | 1.69 (1.03–2.78) | 0.038 |
| Hemoglobinopathies, yes | 0.60 (0.07–5.40) | 0.649 | – | – |
| Neurodevelopmental/neurodegenerative diseases, yes | 1.62 (1.23–2.13) | 0.001 | – | – |
| Dementia, yesa | 2.07 (1.49–2.88) | < 0.0001 | 2.17 (1.32–3.56) | 0.002 |
| Chromosopathies/hypoxia, yes | 2.43 (0.60–9.75) | 0.212 | – | – |
| Neuromuscular disease, yes | 0.77 (0.34–1.71) | 0.515 | – | – |
| Cerebrovascular events, yes | 1.30 (0.89–1.90) | 0.178 | – | – |
| Oncological disease, yesa | 0.63 (0.43–0.93) | 0.019 | 0.93 (0.51–1.72) | 0.822 |
| Metastasis, yes | 1.00 (0.56–1.78) | 0.995 | – | – |
| Terminal cancer, yes | 5.82 (2.22–15.27) | < 0.0001 | – | – |
| Hematological tumors, yesa | 1.52 (0.92–2.50) | 0.099 | 3.01 (1.41–6.543) | 0.004 |
| Solid tumors in chemotherapy, yes | 0.64 (0.28–1.49) | 0.302 | – | – |
| Hematological tumors in chemotherapy, yes | 1.47 (0.81–2.68) | 0.207 | – | – |
| Cardiovascular diseases, yes | 1.40 (1.08–1.81) | 0.012 | – | – |
| Heart failure, yesa | 1.47 (1.13–1.92) | 0.005 | 1.55 (1.01–2.38) | 0.046 |
| Previous acute myocardial infarction, yes | 1.11 (0.76–1.62) | 0.579 | – | – |
| Hypertension, yes | 1.54 (1.19–1.99) | 0.001 | – | – |
| Number of comorbidities, yes | 1.22 (1.12–1.34) | < 0.001 | – | – |
| CCI, yes | 1.11 (1.06–1.16) | < 0.001 | – | – |
| Vaccine 0–1 dosesa | 4.28 (3.17–5.78) | < 0.001 | 3.46 (2.19–5.49) | < 0.001 |
| Symptoms | 3.99 (2.49–6.40) | < 0.001 | – | – |
| Fever, yesa | 2.16 (1.67–2.80) | < 0.001 | 2.60 (1.75–3.88) | < 0.001 |
| Cough, yes | 1.80 (1.39–2.33) | < 0.001 | – | – |
| Tachypnea, yes | 4.88 (2.40–9.93) | < 0.001 | – | – |
| Ageusia, yes | 0.74 (0.24–2.28) | 0.597 | – | – |
| Pharyngodynia, yes | 0.50 (0.33–0.76) | 0.001 | – | – |
| Chills, yes | 0.50 (0.22–1.14) | 0.100 | – | – |
| Asthenia, yes | 0.99 (0.76–1.30) | 0.966 | – | – |
| Headache, yes | 0.83 (0.55–1.26) | 0.378 | – | – |
| Myalgias, yes | 0.88 (0.62–1.25) | 0.480 | – | – |
| Gastrointestinal symptoms, yes | 1.03 (0.72–1.47) | 0.881 | – | – |
| Dyspnoea, yesa | 7.90 (5.86–10.65) | < 0.001 | 5.04 (3.24–7.83) | < 0.001 |
| Nasal congestion, yes | 0.19 (0.07–0.52) | 0.001 | – | – |
| Anosmia, yes | 1.21 (0.48–3.02) | 0.686 | – | – |
| Radiological findings | – | – | ||
| CT pneumonia, yes | 10.21 (7.58–13.77) | < 0.0001 | – | – |
| GGO, yesa | 7.67 (5.78–10.19) | < 0.0001 | 3.52 (2.33–5.32) | < 0.001 |
| Consolidation, yesa | 7.27 (5.30–9.98) | < 0.0001 | 2.67 (1.66–4.29) | < 0.001 |
| Pulmonary Embolism, yes | 1.83 (0.76–4.38) | 0.176 | – | – |
| Biochemical indexes | ||||
| WBC (× 103) ≥ 11a | 2.10 (1.50–2.95) | < 0.0001 | 1.35 (0.79–2.31) | 0.271 |
| Neutrophils | 1.01 (0.99–1.03) | 0.161 | – | – |
| Lymphocytes | 1.04 (0.99–1.09) | 0.115 | – | – |
| NLR | 1.01 (0.99–1.03) | 0.095 | – | – |
| Ferritin | 1.00 (1.00–1.00) | < 0.001 | – | – |
| Ferritin > 336 ng/mL in male and > 307 ng/mL in femalea | 3.75 (2.87–4.89) | < 0.001 | 3.24 (2.16–4.85) | < 0.001 |
| PCT | 1.01 (0.99–1.03) | 0.317 | – | – |
| PCT > 0.5 ng/mLa | 2.45 (1.76–3.40) | < 0.001 | 1.03 (0.61–1.73) | 0.914 |
| Urea | 1.01 (1.01–1.01) | < 0.001 | – | – |
| Creatinine | 1.01 (0.97–1.05) | 0.713 | – | – |
| eGFR ≥ 67.4 mL/min/1.73m2a | 0.50 (0.38–0.65) | < 0.001 | 0.75 (0.49–1.15) | 0.186 |
| AST | 1.00 (1.00–1.01) | 0.004 | – | – |
| ALT | 1.00 (1.00–1.00) | 0.093 | – | – |
| De Ritis ≥ 1.2a | 1.92 (1.48–2.50) | < 0.0001 | 1.60 (1.07–2.39) | 0.022 |
| LDH | 1.00 (1.00–1.01) | < 0.001 | – | – |
| LDH > 333 UI/La | 3.37 (2.39–4.74) | < 0.001 | 1.79 (1.01–3.18) | 0.048 |
| CRP | 1.00 (0.99–1.00) | 0.785 | – | – |
| D-Dimer ≥ 1a | 2.21 (1.70–2.88) | < 0.001 | 1.27 (0.86–1.90) | 0.234 |
| Therapy | ||||
| Early treatment, yes | 0.71 (0.36–1.38) | 0.307 | – | – |
| Exposure to antiviral | 0.16 (0.11–0.23) | < 0.001 | – | – |
| Exposure to Monlupiravir, yes | 0.15 (0.09–0.24) | < 0.001 | – | – |
| Exposure to Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir | 0.19 (0.06–0.63) | 0.007 | – | – |
| Exposure to Remdesivir | 0.39 (0.23–0.67) | 0.001 | – | – |
| Not therapy with antiviral or monoclonal antibodies treatmenta | 7.13 (5.12–9.93) | < 0.001 | 11.07 (6.99–17.54) | < 0.001 |
| Exposure to Casirivimab/Imdevimab | 0.47 (0.28–0.79) | 0.004 | – | – |
| Exposure to Sotrovimab | 0.22 (0.12–0.40) | < 0.001 | – | – |
| Hospital infection, yes | 0.66 (0.49–0.90) | 0.008 | – | – |
| Bacterial co-infection, yesa | 2.17 (1.49–3.15) | < 0.001 | 1.55 (0.88–2.74) | 0.131 |
Hosmer–Lemeshow p-value = 0.36
aVariables included in the multivariate analysis