Table 3.

Chemokine and chemokine receptor inhibitors in cancer immunotherapy

Target	Inhibitor	Tumor model	Mechanism of action
CCR1 [139, 140]	CCX721 BL5923	Multiple Myeloma Hepatic spread of Colon Cancer	Blocks excess osteoclast activity Suppresses metastatic colonization of myeloid cells
CCR2 [141]	CCX872 + Anti-PD1	Pancreatic cancer	Enhances the therapeutic effect of Programmed cell death protein ligand 1 (PDL1) immunotherapy
CCL2 [142]	CNTO 888 + Radiotherapy	Breast Cancer	Inhibits CCL2-induced calcium mobilization, inhibits angiogenesis and improves the impact of radiotherapy
CCR4 [143, 144]	Mogamulizumab Anti-CCR4 CAR-T Cells	Relapsed adult T-cell leukemia T-cell malignancies	Blocks CCR4-mediated signal transduction pathways and chemokine-mediated angiogenesis Increases the number of natural killer cells and changes the phenotype of myeloid cells into anti-tumorigenic
CCR5 [145–147]	Maraviroc TAK-779	Colorectal Cancer Melanoma and Pancreatic cancer	Decreases rate at which fibroblasts associated with cancer accumulates + suppress cellular growth in leukemia model Inhibits Ligand Binding to CCR5
CCR7 [148, 149]	let-7a (siRNA)	Prostate and Colorectal cancer	Directly binds to the 3'UTR of CCR7 and blocks its protein expression
CXCR2 [150]	Riparixin + PTX	Breast Cancer	Inhibits CXCL8 receptors CXCR1 and CXCR2, reducing intracellular signaling, breast cancer stem cells, and metastases formation