Table 2. Descriptive evaluation of the studies selected for the systematic review.

Author and country	Age studied	T1DM diagnosis time	Probiotics or similar and doses	No. of the total sample (probiotic x placebo)	Follow-up time
Wang et al. 18 ; Taiwan	6–18 years	Long-term diabetic patients who have already experienced the honeymoon period	Probiotics* 1010 CFU/day or placebo orally for 6 months	59 (27×32)	9 months
Kumar et al. 19 ; India	2–12 years	T1DM of recent onset (within 6 months of enrollment)	Probiotics† 112.5 billion CFU/day or microcrystalline cellulose for 3 months	96 (47×49)	3 months
Groele et al. 20 ; Varsovia, Poland	8–17 years	Recent diagnosis (within 60 days)	Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and Bifidobacterium lactis Bb12 109 CFU colony or placebo (maltodextrin) orally capsule once a day for 6 months	96 (48×48)	12 months
Javid et al. 21 ; Shiraz, Iran	4–18 years	At least 1 year with diagnosis of DM1	2 g symbiotic powder‡ (109 CFU) for 8 weeks	50 (25×25)	8 weeks
Ho et al. 22 ; Canada	8–17 years	At least 1 year with diagnosis of DM1	8g oligofructose-enriched inulin orally once a day or placebo 3.3g maltodextrin orally once a day for 12 weeks	43 (20×23)	6 weeks

^*L. salivarius subesp. salicinius AP-32, L. johnsonii MH-68 and B. animalis subesp. lactis CP-9

^†Live, freeze-dried, lactic and bifidobacteria named L paracasei DSM 24733, L plantarum DSM 24730, L acidophilus DSM 24735, L delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus DSM 24734, B longum DSM 24736, B children’s DSM 24737, B brief DSM 24732 and Streptococcus thermophilus DSM 24731

^‡Symbiotic powder: Lactobacillus sporogenes GBI-30 (probiotic), maltodextrin and fructooligosaccharide (prebiotic).