Table 3. Evaluation of glycemic parameters.

			HbA1c (%)		Total insulin dose (μg/mL)		C-peptide (ng/mL)
			M±SD	p-value	M±SD	p-value	M±SD	p-value
Wang et al. 18 ; Taiwan	Basal	I	9.3±0.80	0.883
		C	9.5±1.90
	After 6 m	I	8.5±0.90	NI
		C	9.5±2.10
Kumar et al. 19 ; India	Basal	I	11.7±1.63	0.512	1.0±0.45	0.183	0.3±0.35	0.866
		C	11.5±2.26		0.9±0.40		0.3±0.45
	After 3 m	I	6.8±1.46		0.6±0.31		0.5±0.40
		C	7.4±1.46		0.7±0.40		0.5±0.35
Groele et al. 20 ; Poland	Basal	I	7.7±0.41	NI			1.0±0.27	NI
		C	8.3±0.72				1.0±0.34
	After 6m	I	6.1±0.35	0.058			0.9±0.26	0.832
		C	6.5±0.39				0.9±0.27
Javid et al. 21 ; Iran	Basal	I	8.9±1.95	0.270*	6.4±6.32	0.810*
		C	9.6±2.23		6.0±5.02
	After 8 w	I	8.6±1.85	0.960*	10.9±8.20	0.150*
		C	9.1±2.59		7.6±7.12
		≠ I	-0.3±0.52	0.030†	4.5±4.53	0.060†
		≠ C	-0.5±1.36		1.6±5.46
Ho et al. 22 ; Canada	Basal	I	8.0±0.82	0.854	0.9±0.25	0.928	0.3±0.75	0.928
		C	8.1±0.91		0.9±0.29		0.2±0.30
	After 3 m	I	7.9±0.50	0.592	NI	NI	0.3±0.93	0.029
		C	8.1±0.91				0.1±0.15

M±SD: mean±standard deviation; p: statistical difference; HbA1c: glycated hemoglobin (%); I: intervention; C: control; ≠: difference; m: months; w: weeks; NI: not informed.

^*Used the independent t-test between the two groups before and after the intervention

^†Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was performed between the two post-intervention groups after adjustment for confounding factors.