Figure 6.

Spatio-temporal transmission dynamics of HBV-E. Time-scaled maximum clade credibility tree representing the evolutionary history of HBV genotype E. The time of origin is inferred to be at 1824 ce. Tip and branches are colored according to inferred location. (inset) World map colored according to the geographic regions used for the discrete phylogeographic analysis. Each counterclockwise arrow represents an inferred transmission event between two regions. Arrow colors denote timing intervals of each introduction. All migration events (eight in total) are inferred to have originated in Africa; Europe was the destination of seven migrations, and the Americas were the destination of one.